Corrupção e criminalidade organizada: o papel do Estado

Projeto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Licenciada em CriminologiaO combate à criminalidade organizada tem sido objeto de estudo nos últimos anos. O diminuto conhecimento acerca da criminalidade organizada em Portugal suscita interrogações quanto à relevância que esta assume no conjunto das problemáticas criminais que afetam o país. Neste trabalho procuramos compreender as dificuldades envolvidas em conceituar este termo, caraterizar algumas organizações criminosas que têm assumido marcado destaque nesta área, e também analisar o conceito de corrupção e respetivo enquadramento jurídico. De modo complementar, procuramos compreender o papel do Estado no que respeita às suas ligações ao crime organizado e à corrupção. O presente projeto pretende, igualmente, apresentar uma proposta de investigação empírica com a finalidade de compreender os contornos das eventuais ligações entre criminalidade organizada e a especificidade das práticas de corrupção em território nacional.The fight against organized crime has been studied in recent years. The scarce knowledge about organized crime in Portugal raises questions about its relevance amidst other criminal problems that affect the country. In this work we try to understand the difficulties involved in conceptualizing this term, characterize some criminal organizations that have a prominent role in this area, and also to analyse the concept of corruption and its legal framework. In a complementary way, we try to understand the role of the state in its links to organized crime and corruption. This project also intends to present a proposal of empirical investigation aiming to understand the contours of the eventual links between organized crime and the specificity of the practices of corruption in the national territory.N/

Corrupção e criminalidade organizada: o papel do Estado

Projeto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Licenciada em CriminologiaO combate à criminalidade organizada tem sido objeto de estudo nos últimos anos. O diminuto conhecimento acerca da criminalidade organizada em Portugal suscita interrogações quanto à relevância que esta assume no conjunto das problemáticas criminais que afetam o país. Neste trabalho procuramos compreender as dificuldades envolvidas em conceituar este termo, caraterizar algumas organizações criminosas que têm assumido marcado destaque nesta área, e também analisar o conceito de corrupção e respetivo enquadramento jurídico. De modo complementar, procuramos compreender o papel do Estado no que respeita às suas ligações ao crime organizado e à corrupção. O presente projeto pretende, igualmente, apresentar uma proposta de investigação empírica com a finalidade de compreender os contornos das eventuais ligações entre criminalidade organizada e a especificidade das práticas de corrupção em território nacional.The fight against organized crime has been studied in recent years. The scarce knowledge about organized crime in Portugal raises questions about its relevance amidst other criminal problems that affect the country. In this work we try to understand the difficulties involved in conceptualizing this term, characterize some criminal organizations that have a prominent role in this area, and also to analyse the concept of corruption and its legal framework. In a complementary way, we try to understand the role of the state in its links to organized crime and corruption. This project also intends to present a proposal of empirical investigation aiming to understand the contours of the eventual links between organized crime and the specificity of the practices of corruption in the national territory.N/

Revising the Contours of History at Tell Leilan

Northern Mesopotamia’s low grain yield costs and high land transport costs were fundamental forces behind early state growth in the fifth-fourth millennia BC (Weiss1983, 1986, 1997). That development, as well as the southern Mesopotamian Uruk colonization in northern Mesopotamia, was terminated by the 5.2 ka BP abrupt climate change that persisted for two centuries (Weiss 2001). In its wake, northern Mesopotamia underwent the Ninevite 5 experience: four hundred years of reduced settlement size,limited political consolidation, and abridged contact with southern Mesopotamia (Weiss and Rova eds. 2002). In the Leilan IIId period, ca. 2600-2400 BC, at the end of the Ninevite 5 period, Leilan suddenly grew from village to city size, 90 hectares, and its politico-economic organization was transformed into a state apparatus (Weiss 1990). The reasons for this secondary state development are still unclear, but seems to have occurred synchronously across northern Mesopotamia and induced, briefly, the emulation of southern Mesopotamian administrative iconography (Weiss 1990)

Momentum--dependent nuclear mean fields and collective flow in heavy ion collisions

We use the Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck model to simulate the dynamical evolution of heavy ion collisions and to compare the effects of two parametrizations of the momentum--dependent nuclear mean field that have identical properties in cold nuclear matter. We compare with recent data on nuclear flow, as characterized by transverse momentum distributions and flow ($F$) variables for symmetric and asymmetric systems. We find that the precise functional dependence of the nuclear mean field on the particle momentum is important. With our approach, we also confirm that the difference between symmetric and asymmetric systems can be used to pin down the density and momentum dependence of the nuclear self consistent one--body potential, independently. All the data can be reproduced very well with a momentum--dependent interaction with compressibility K = 210 MeV.Comment: 15 pages in ReVTeX 3.0; 12 postscript figures uuencoded; McGill/94-1

Analysis of anisotropic flow with Lee-Yang zeroes

We present a new method to extract anisotropic flow in heavy ion collisions from the genuine correlation among a large number of particles. Anisotropic flow is obtained from the zeroes in the complex plane of a generating function of azimuthal correlations, in close analogy with the theory of phase transitions by Lee and Yang. Flow is first estimated globally, i.e., averaged over the phase space covered by the detector, and then differentially, as a function of transverse momentum and rapidity for identified particles. The corresponding estimates are less biased by nonflow correlations than with any other method. The practical implementation of the method is rather straightforward. Furthermore, it automatically takes into account most corrections due to azimuthal anisotropies in the detector acceptance. The main limitation of the method is statistical errors, which can be significantly larger than with the ``standard'' method of flow analysis if the flow and/or the event multiplicities are too small. In practice, we expect this to be the most accurate method to analyze directed and elliptic flow in fixed-target heavy-ion collisions between 100 MeV and 10 GeV per nucleon (at the Darmstadt SIS synchrotron and the Brookhaven Alternating Gradient Synchrotron), and elliptic flow at ultrarelativistic energies (at the Brookhaven Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, and the forthcoming Large Hadron Collider at CERN).Comment: 32 pages, 7 eps figures, RevTe

Heavy ion collisions with non-equilibrium Dirac-Brueckner mean fields

The influence of realistic interactions on the reaction dynamics in intermediate energy heavy ion collisions is investigated. The mean field in relativistic transport calculations is derived from microscopic Dirac-Brueckner (DB) self-energies, taking non-equilibrium effects, in particular the anisotropy of the local phase space configurations, into account. Thus this approach goes beyond the local density approximation. A detailed analysis of various in-plane and out-of-plane flow observables is presented for Au on Au reactions at incident energies ranging from 250 to 800 A.MeV and the results are compared to recent measurements of the FOPI collaboration. An overall good agreement with in-plane flow data and a reasonable description of the out-of-plane emission is achieved. For these results the intrinsic momentum dependence of the non-equilibrium mean fields is important. On the other hand, the local density approximation with the same underlying DB forces as well as a standard non-linear version of the $\sigma\omega$ model are less successful in describing the present data. This gives evidence of the applicability of self energies derived from the DB approach to nuclear matter also far from saturation and equilibrium.Comment: 63 pages Latex, using Elsevier style, 20 ps-figures, to appear in Nucl. Phys.

Differential Transverse Flow in Central C-Ne and C-Cu Collisions at 3.7 GeV/nucleon

Differential transverse flow of protons and pions in central C-Ne and C-Cu collisions at a beam energy of 3.7 GeV/nucleon was measured as a function of transverse momentum at the SKM-200-GIBS setup of JINR. In agreement with predictions of a transversely moving thermal model, the strength of proton differential transverse flow is found to first increase gradually and then saturate with the increasing transverse momentum in both systems. While pions are preferentially emitted in the same direction of the proton transverse flow in the reaction of C-Ne, they exhibit an anti-flow to the opposote direction of the proton transverse flow in the reaction of C-Cu due to stronger shadowing effects of the heavier target in thr whole range of transverse momentum.Comment: 15 pages, 5 figure

Rapidity distribution as a probe for elliptical flow at intermediate energies

Interplay between the spectator and participant matter in heavy-ion collisions is investigated within isospin dependent quantum molecular dynamics (IQMD) model in term of rapidity distribution of light charged particles. The effect of different types and size rapidity distributions is studied in elliptical flow. The elliptical flow patterns show important role of the nearby spectator matter on the participant zone. This role is further explained on the basis of passing time of the spectator and expansion time of the participant zone. The transition from the in-plane to out-of-plane is observed only when the mid-rapidity region is included in the rapidity bin, otherwise no transition occurs. The transition energy is found to be highly sensitive towards the size of the rapidity bin, while weakly on the type of the rapidity distribution. The theoretical results are also compared with the experimental findings and are found in good agreement.Comment: 8 figure

Excitation function of elliptic flow in Au+Au collisions and the nuclear matter equation of state

We present measurements of the excitation function of elliptic flow at midrapidity in Au+Au collisions at beam energies from 0.09 to 1.49 GeV per nucleon. For the integral flow, we discuss the interplay between collective expansion and spectator shadowing for three centrality classes. A complete excitation function of transverse momentum dependence of elliptic flow is presented for the first time in this energy range, revealing a rapid change with incident energy below 0.4 AGeV, followed by an almost perfect scaling at the higher energies. The equation of state of compressed nuclear matter is addressed through comparisons to microscopic transport model calculations.Comment: 10 pages, 4 eps figures, submitted for publication. Data files will be available at http://www.gsi.de/~fopiwww/pub

Radial Flow in Au+Au Collisions at E=0.25-1.15 A GeV

A systematic study of energy spectra for light particles emitted at midrapidity from Au+Au collisions at E=0.25-1.15 A GeV reveals a significant non-thermal component consistent with a collective radial flow. This component is evaluated as a function of bombarding energy and event centrality. Comparisons to Quantum Molecular Dynamics (QMD) and Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (BUU) models are made for different equations of state.Comment: 10 pages of text and 4 figures (all ps files in a uuencoded package)