Development and Performance of Power-Operated Garlic Bulb Breaker

A power-operated garlic bulb breaker to separate cloves from whole-garlic-bulbs was developed, its operational parameters optimized and its performance evaluated. The garlic bulb breaker consisted of a feeding chute, two-stage padded rubber rollers, a blower, outlets for cloves and skins, a main frame, power and power transmission system. The garlic bulb breaker was evaluated using three types of rubber padding material viz., plain type, button type and corrugated type, with four levels of clearance between rubber rollers viz., 15, 18, 21 and 24mm, three levels of peripheral speed, viz., 259.2, 302.4 and 345.6 m/min. The machine displayed performance parameters in terms of breaking efficiency at 96%, per cent clumps of cloves 1.22, per cent clove damage 1.7, per cent clove loss 1.08, and bulb-breaking capacity of 780kg/h using corrugated padding material fitted at 18mm clearance and 259.4m/min peripheral speed. Operating cost of the machine was Rs. 0.06/kg against Rs. 2.25/kg incurred with manual clove separation of cloves

A Visual Computing Unified Application Using Deep Learning and Computer Vision Techniques

Vision Studio aims to utilize a diverse range of modern deep learning and computer vision principles and techniques to provide a broad array of functionalities in image and video processing. Deep learning is a distinct class of machine learning algorithms that utilize multiple layers to gradually extract more advanced features from raw input. This is beneficial when using a matrix as input for pixels in a photo or frames in a video. Computer vision is a field of artificial intelligence that teaches computers to interpret and comprehend the visual domain. The main functions implemented include deepfake creation, digital ageing (de-ageing), image animation, and deepfake detection. Deepfake creation allows users to utilize deep learning methods, particularly autoencoders, to overlay source images onto a target video. This creates a video of the source person imitating or saying things that the target person does. Digital aging utilizes generative adversarial networks (GANs) to digitally simulate the aging process of an individual. Image animation utilizes first-order motion models to create highly realistic animations from a source image and driving video. Deepfake detection is achieved by using advanced and highly efficient convolutional neural networks (CNNs), primarily employing the EfficientNet family of models

Cost benefit analysis of village tank rehabilitation programme in Hambantota district, Sri Lanka

Village tanks provide multiple benefits to the local people living in their periphery and also to communitiesoutside the area. Non recognition of the true values of this resource has led to their degradation. Forexample, tank rehabilitation is usually not economically justifiable when the paddy benefits alone areconsidered. The main objective of this research was therefore to compare costs of village tankrehabilitation programme with the multiple benefits of village tanks.Villagers use tank water for agriculture, fish, domestic purposes, livestock rearing, and also for industrysuch as brick production. There are in addition, recreational benefits enjoyed by the households. Suchmultiple benefits have been evaluated by a survey conducted in 10 village tanks (7 isolated and 3cascade tanks) in Hambantota district of Sri Lanka. 175 households who live adjacent to the selectedtanks were interviewed using a pre-tested questionnaire with embedded contingent valuation surveyduring the maha season of2005/2006. Information on the use of tank system for purposes other thanpaddy cultivation was collected and contingent valuation method, market price approach and opportunitycost method were used in order to derive the economic value.The benefits and costs were analyzed in a cost benefit framework using a 20 year time period and10% discount rate. Results indicate that the rehabilitation project is only justifiable when multiplebenefits are included. When paddy benefits alone are compared with tank rehabilitation costs, itresults in negative net present value.The implications of the results in reversing the attitudes of the government towards small tanks andtheir role in enhancing rural economies are also discussed.

4-(4-Chloro­phen­yl)-4-hy­droxy­piperidinium benzoate

In the title salt, C11H15ClNO+·C7H5O2 −, the dihedral angle between the mean planes of the chloro­phenyl ring of the cation and the benzene ring of the anion is 74.4 (1)°. In the cation, the six-membered piperazine ring adopts a chair conformation. The crystal packing is stabilized by inter­molecular N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, and weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O, C—H⋯Cl and C—H⋯π inter­actions

N,N-Dimethyl-3-oxo-3-(thio­phen-2-yl)propanaminium chloride

In the title mol­ecular salt, C9H14NOS+·Cl−, the crystal packing is stabilized by weak inter­molecular N—H⋯Cl, C—H⋯Cl and C—H⋯π inter­actions, which lead to the formation of a two-dimensional supra­molecular layer which stacks along the b axis

Transverse energy production and charged-particle multiplicity at midrapidity in various systems from sNN=7.7\sqrt{s_{NN}}=7.7 to 200 GeV

Measurements of midrapidity charged particle multiplicity distributions, $dN_{\rm ch}/d\eta$, and midrapidity transverse-energy distributions, $dE_T/d\eta$, are presented for a variety of collision systems and energies. Included are distributions for Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$, 130, 62.4, 39, 27, 19.6, 14.5, and 7.7 GeV, Cu$+$Cu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ and 62.4 GeV, Cu$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV, U$+$U collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=193$ GeV, $d$$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV, $^{3}$He$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV, and $p$$+$$p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV. Centrality-dependent distributions at midrapidity are presented in terms of the number of nucleon participants, $N_{\rm part}$, and the number of constituent quark participants, $N_{q{\rm p}}$. For all $A$$+$$A$ collisions down to $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=7.7$ GeV, it is observed that the midrapidity data are better described by scaling with $N_{q{\rm p}}$ than scaling with $N_{\rm part}$. Also presented are estimates of the Bjorken energy density, $\varepsilon_{\rm BJ}$, and the ratio of $dE_T/d\eta$ to $dN_{\rm ch}/d\eta$, the latter of which is seen to be constant as a function of centrality for all systems.Comment: 706 authors, 32 pages, 20 figures, 34 tables, 2004, 2005, 2008, 2010, 2011, and 2012 data. v2 is version accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.

Upsilon (1S+2S+3S) production in d+Au and p+p collisions at sqrt(s_NN)=200 GeV and cold-nuclear matter effects

The three Upsilon states, Upsilon(1S+2S+3S), are measured in d+Au and p+p collisions at sqrt(s_NN)=200 GeV and rapidities 1.2<|y|<2.2 by the PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider. Cross sections for the inclusive Upsilon(1S+2S+3S) production are obtained. The inclusive yields per binary collision for d+Au collisions relative to those in p+p collisions (R_dAu) are found to be 0.62 +/- 0.26 (stat) +/- 0.13 (syst) in the gold-going direction and 0.91 +/- 0.33 (stat) +/- 0.16 (syst) in the deuteron-going direction. The measured results are compared to a nuclear-shadowing model, EPS09 [JHEP 04, 065 (2009)], combined with a final-state breakup cross section, sigma_br, and compared to lower energy p+A results. We also compare the results to the PHENIX J/psi results [Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 142301 (2011)]. The rapidity dependence of the observed Upsilon suppression is consistent with lower energy p+A measurements.Comment: 495 authors, 11 pages, 9 figures, 5 tables. Submitted to Phys. Rev. C. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.htm

ϕ\phi meson production in dd++Au collisions at sNN=200\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200 GeV

The PHENIX experiment has measured $\phi$ meson production in $d$$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV using the dimuon and dielectron decay channels. The $\phi$ meson is measured in the forward (backward) $d$-going (Au-going) direction, $1.2<y<2.2$ ($-2.2<y<-1.2$) in the transverse-momentum ($p_T$) range from 1--7 GeV/$c$, and at midrapidity $|y|<0.35$ in the $p_T$ range below 7 GeV/$c$. The $\phi$ meson invariant yields and nuclear-modification factors as a function of $p_T$, rapidity, and centrality are reported. An enhancement of $\phi$ meson production is observed in the Au-going direction, while suppression is seen in the $d$-going direction, and no modification is observed at midrapidity relative to the yield in $p$$+$$p$ collisions scaled by the number of binary collisions. Similar behavior was previously observed for inclusive charged hadrons and open heavy flavor indicating similar cold-nuclear-matter effects.Comment: 484 authors, 16 pages, 12 figures, 6 tables. v1 is the version accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. C. Data tables for the points plotted in the figures are given in the paper itsel

Measurements of elliptic and triangular flow in high-multiplicity 3^{3}He++Au collisions at sNN=200\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200 GeV

We present the first measurement of elliptic ($v_2$) and triangular ($v_3$) flow in high-multiplicity $^{3}$He$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV. Two-particle correlations, where the particles have a large separation in pseudorapidity, are compared in $^{3}$He$+$Au and in $p$$+$$p$ collisions and indicate that collective effects dominate the second and third Fourier components for the correlations observed in the $^{3}$He$+$Au system. The collective behavior is quantified in terms of elliptic $v_2$ and triangular $v_3$ anisotropy coefficients measured with respect to their corresponding event planes. The $v_2$ values are comparable to those previously measured in $d$$+$Au collisions at the same nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy. Comparison with various theoretical predictions are made, including to models where the hot spots created by the impact of the three $^{3}$He nucleons on the Au nucleus expand hydrodynamically to generate the triangular flow. The agreement of these models with data may indicate the formation of low-viscosity quark-gluon plasma even in these small collision systems.Comment: 630 authors, 9 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables. v2 is the version accepted for publication by Physical Review Letters. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.htm

Measurement of jet-medium interactions via direct photon-hadron correlations in Au++Au and dd++Au collisions at sNN=200\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200 GeV

We present direct photon-hadron correlations in 200 GeV/A Au$+$Au, $d$$+$Au and $p$$+$$p$ collisions, for direct photon $p_T$ from 5--12 GeV/$c$, collected by the PHENIX Collaboration in the years from 2006 to 2011. We observe no significant modification of jet fragmentation in $d$$+$Au collisions, indicating that cold nuclear matter effects are small or absent. Hadrons carrying a large fraction of the quark's momentum are suppressed in Au$+$Au compared to $p$$+$$p$ and $d$$+$Au. As the momentum fraction decreases, the yield of hadrons in Au$+$Au increases to an excess over the yield in $p$$+$$p$ collisions. The excess is at large angles and at low hadron $p_T$ and is most pronounced for hadrons associated with lower momentum direct photons. Comparison to theoretical calculations suggests that the hadron excess arises from medium response to energy deposited by jets.Comment: 578 authors from 80 institutions, 11 pages, 7 figures, data from 2007, 2008, 2010, and 2011. v2 is version accepted for publication in Physical Review C. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.htm