Incidence of Auroras and Their North-South Motions in the Northern Auroral Zone

Studies of the incidence of auroral forms and their north and south motions are made by using a close-spaced array of all-sky cameras located in the northern auroral zone at the approximate geomagnetic longitude 250°E. It is found that during the observing season 1957-58 the peak of the average auroral zone occurred at 66-67° geomagnetic latitude. Although the southern extent of auroras retreats northward after local magnetic midnight, the southward motion of the individual forms, observed at the southern edge of the auroral zone, predominates over the northward motion throughout most of the night. The data indicate the existence on any given night of a latitude position near which many auroral forms occur. The first motion of auroras incident north of this position tends to be northward, and the first motion of auroras incident south of this position tends to be southward. A curve showing the occurrence of auroral forms peaks at, and is nearly symmetrical about, local geographic midnight, but the intensity of auroral emissions measured over the celestial hemisphere remains at a high level after midnight.NSP Grant No. Y/22.6/327Ye

The Extension of Insurance Subrogation

When an insured loss occurs under circumstances that make a third person liable to reimburse the insured, there are various possible ways to adjust the loss among the three persons involved. One solution would permit the policyholder to recover both on the insurance and from the third person, i.e., would permit double recovery for the loss. A second solution would give the third person the benefit of the insurance by denying recovery from him. A third solution would subrogate the insurer to the policyholder\u27s rights against the third person. Combinations of these three solutions are possible by applying sometimes one and sometimes another

Master\u27s Recital

List of performers and performances

Noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation alters neural response and physiological autonomic tone to noxious thermal challenge.

The mechanisms by which noninvasive vagal nerve stimulation (nVNS) affect central and peripheral neural circuits that subserve pain and autonomic physiology are not clear, and thus remain an area of intense investigation. Effects of nVNS vs sham stimulation on subject responses to five noxious thermal stimuli (applied to left lower extremity), were measured in 30 healthy subjects (n = 15 sham and n = 15 nVNS), with fMRI and physiological galvanic skin response (GSR). With repeated noxious thermal stimuli a group × time analysis showed a significantly (p < .001) decreased response with nVNS in bilateral primary and secondary somatosensory cortices (SI and SII), left dorsoposterior insular cortex, bilateral paracentral lobule, bilateral medial dorsal thalamus, right anterior cingulate cortex, and right orbitofrontal cortex. A group × time × GSR analysis showed a significantly decreased response in the nVNS group (p < .0005) bilaterally in SI, lower and mid medullary brainstem, and inferior occipital cortex. Finally, nVNS treatment showed decreased activity in pronociceptive brainstem nuclei (e.g. the reticular nucleus and rostral ventromedial medulla) and key autonomic integration nuclei (e.g. the rostroventrolateral medulla, nucleus ambiguous, and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve). In aggregate, noninvasive vagal nerve stimulation reduced the physiological response to noxious thermal stimuli and impacted neural circuits important for pain processing and autonomic output

Core skills across information settings: What academic, public, and school librarians need to know

The Master of Science in Library and Information Science is a versatile degree, and LIS programs are challenged to offer curricula that support the wide range of career possibilities in a rapidly changing field. It is incumbent on LIS schools to ensure that their curricula are meeting the needs of the field. But which skills are core—meaning that all students should have a foundation in those skills, regardless of their area of focus or ultimate career path—and which are specialized, meaning that only professionals in specific positions are likely to need those skills? What skills and knowledge areas are common across different information settings, and how can LIS programs create curricula that lay a foundation of core competencies while also providing students the opportunity to develop the depth of knowledge and specialized skills necessary to specific settings? This panel will share the results of a nationwide survey, in which over 2400 respondents, including LIS faculty, iSchool alums, internship and practicum supervisors, and other employers, ranked 53 skills on a scale of “core” to “specialized.” The panelists will compare and contrast the knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs) necessary to success across four information settings: public libraries, academic, libraries, and special libraries, focusing on the answers provided by respondents currently working and teaching in those settings. The panel will examine which KSAs are common across settings, and which are specific to each setting. They will also discuss how the survey results align with emerging areas and trends in the field as identified in the literature and core professional documents such as ALA’s State of America’s Libraries, Pew Research Reports, and Ithaka S+R research reports. The panel will conclude by discussing how the survey findings could influence LIS curriculum. In an interactive portion, the panelists will poll participants in real time about their impressions of what skills and competencies should be core or specialized, and panelists will respond to the poll results and questions. Time will also be allocated for open discussion

Limited Alpine Climatic Warming and Modeled Phenology Advancement for Three Alpine Species in the Northeast United States

Premise of the study: Most alpine plants in the Northeast United States are perennial and flower early in the growing season, extending their limitedgrowing season. Concurrently, they risk the loss of reproductive efforts to late frosts. Quantifying long-term trends in northeastern alpine flower phenology and late-spring/early-summer frost risk is limited by a dearth of phenology and climate data, except for Mount Washington, New Hampshire (1916 m a.s.l.). Methods: Logistic phenology models for three northeastern US alpinespecies (Diapensia lapponica, Carex bigelowii and Vaccinium vitis-idaea) were developed from 4 yr (2008–2011) of phenology and air temperature measurements from 12 plots proximate to Mount Washington’s long-term summit meteorological station. Plot-level air temperature, the logistic phenology models, and Mount Washington’s climate data were used to hindcast model yearly (1935–2011) floral phenology and frost damage risk for the focal species. Key results: Day of year and air growing degree-days with threshold temperatures of −4°C (D. lapponica and C. bigelowii) and −2°C (V. vitis-idaea) best predicted flowering. Modeled historic flowering dates trended significantly earlier but the 77-yr change was small (1.2–2.1 d) and did not significantly increase early-flowering risk from late-spring/early-summer frost damage. Conclusions: Modeled trends in phenological advancement and sensitivity for three northeastern alpine species are less pronounced compared with lower elevations in the region, and this small shift in flower timing did not increase risk of frost damage. Potential reasons for limited earlier phenological advancement at higher elevations include a slower warming trend and increased cloud exposure with elevation and/or inadequate chilling requirements

Alliances in the Shadow of Conflict

Victorious alliances often fight about the spoils of war. This paper presents an experiment on the determinants of whether alliances break up and fight internally after having defeated a joint enemy. First, if peaceful sharing yields an asymmetric rent distribution, this increases the likelihood of fighting. In turn, anticipation of the higher likelihood of internal fight reduces the alliance’s ability to succeed against the outside enemy. Second, the option to make non-binding declarations on non-aggression in the relationship between alliance members does not make peaceful settlement within the alliance more likely. Third, higher differences in the alliance players’ contributions to alliance effort lead to more internal conflict and more intense fighting

Vacuum Squeezing in Atomic Media via Self-Rotation

When linearly polarized light propagates through a medium in which elliptically polarized light would undergo self-rotation, squeezed vacuum can appear in the orthogonal polarization. A simple relationship between self-rotation and the degree of vacuum squeezing is developed. Taking into account absorption, we find the optimum conditions for squeezing in any medium that can produce self-rotation. We then find analytic expressions for the amount of vacuum squeezing produced by an atomic vapor when light is near-resonant with a transition between various low-angular-momentum states. Finally, we consider a gas of multi-level Rb atoms, and analyze squeezing for light tuned near the D-lines under realistic conditions.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures; Submitted to PR

Histone H1.0 couples cellular mechanical behaviors to chromatin structure

Tuning of genome structure and function is accomplished by chromatin-binding proteins, which determine the transcriptome and phenotype of the cell. Here we investigate how communication between extracellular stress and chromatin structure may regulate cellular mechanical behaviors. We demonstrate that histone H1.0, which compacts nucleosomes into higher-order chromatin fibers, controls genome organization and cellular stress response. We show that histone H1.0 has privileged expression in fibroblasts across tissue types and that its expression is necessary and sufficient to induce myofibroblast activation. Depletion of histone H1.0 prevents cytokine-induced fibroblast contraction, proliferation and migration via inhibition of a transcriptome comprising extracellular matrix, cytoskeletal and contractile genes, through a process that involves locus-specific H3K27 acetylation. Transient depletion of histone H1.0 in vivo prevents fibrosis in cardiac muscle. These findings identify an unexpected role of linker histones to orchestrate cellular mechanical behaviors, directly coupling force generation, nuclear organization and gene transcription

Fully Differentiated HIV-1 Specific CD8+ T Effector Cells are More Frequently Detectable in Controlled than in Progressive HIV-1 Infection

Background: CD8+ T cells impact control of viral infections by direct elimination of infected cells and secretion of a number of soluble factors. In HIV-1 infection, persistent HIV-1 specific IFN-γ+ CD8+ T cell responses are detected in the setting of disease progression, consistent with functional impairment in vivo. Recent data suggest that impaired maturation, as defined by the lineage markers CD45RA and CCR7, may contribute to a lack of immune control by these responses. Methodology/Principal Findings: We investigated the maturation phenotype of epitope-specific CD8+ T cell responses directed against HIV-1 in 42 chronically infected, untreated individuals, 22 of whom were “Controllers” (median 1140 RNA copies/ml plasma, range less than 50 to 2520), and 20 “progressors” of whom had advanced disease and high viral loads (median 135,500 RNA copies/ml plasma, range 12100 to greater than 750000). Evaluation of a mean of 5 epitopes per person revealed that terminally differentiated CD8+ T cells directed against HIV-1 are more often seen in HIV-1 Controllers (16/22; 73%) compared to HIV-1 progressors (7/20; 35%)(p = 0.015), but the maturation state of epitope-specific responses within a given individual was quite variable. Maturation phenotype was independent of the HLA restriction or the specificity of a given CD8+ T cell response and individual epitopes associated with slow disease progression were not more likely to be terminally differentiated. Conclusions/Significance: These data indicate that although full maturation of epitope-specific CD8+ T cell responses is associated with viral control, the maturation status of HIV-1 specific CD8+ T cell responses within a given individual are quite heterogeneous, suggesting epitope-specific influences on CD8+ T cell function