For the State or for the Student: Changes in Career Advice in New South Wales Secondary Schools in the Twentieth Century David Hugh Southwood A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of B.A. (Hons) in History. University of Sydney October

This thesis looks at how changes in the Australian Federal Government’s economic policy have affected career advice practices in New South Wales Secondary Schools. From 1927 – 75, career advice practices were primarily used to assist the nation in the process of industrialisation. However, from 1975 – 96 careers advice in schools has become increasingly marginalised as a result of the professionalisation of the role during the 1970s. The process of professionalisation had the effect of estranging Careers Advisers from the educational establishment and reducing their utility in facilitating the economic ambitions of the Federal Government

The taxonomy and palaeoecology of Bryozoa from the upper Permian zechstein reef of N.E. Eng1and

Eighteen species of Bryozoa are described from the Upper Permian zechstein reef - they are assigned to ten genera in the Orders Fenestrata, Trepostomat and cyclostomata. Emended diagnoses are given at various levels and superspecific taxonomic categories within the Fenestrata are discussed. The examination of type specimens and of a large suite of new material has allowed the limits of intraspecific morphological variability to be defined and has resulted in the synonymising of several species. Three new taxa are described, for which holotypes have been designated :- Ryhopora delicata gen. nov., sp. nov. Acanthocladia magna sp. nov. and Penniretepora waltherinodata subsp. nov. The genera Penniretepora and Kalvariella Are recorded for the first time from the Zechstein reef in N.E. England. Aspects of bryozoan palaeobiology And functional morphology have been inferred at zooid and colony level. A type of ovicell, new in the Fenestrata, is described and is compared with those of the Cheilostomata; the taxonomic significance of this chAracter is assessecl. Patterns of zooid-generated feeding currents are inferred and some correlation of intraspecifically varying zoarial morphology with environment is suggested. The characteristic distribution of Bryozoa in relation to Zechstein reef sub-environments is described. An analysis of species abundance and diversity demonstrates a marked faunal impoverishment in reef-flat communities; new evidence for contemporaneous reef lithification is assessed

Modeling features of field line resonance observable by a single spacecraft at Saturn

Funding: T. Elsden was funded by a Leverhulme Early Career Fellowship, the University of Leicester and the University of Glasgow. D. Southwood acknowledges funding from UK Science and Technology Facilities Council grant: ST/W001071/1.The observations of Southwood et al. (2021), using data from the Cassini magnetometer from the final (proximal) orbits of the mission at Saturn, show large scale azimuthally polarized magnetic signals are always present near periapsis. The signals were attributed to standing Alfvén waves excited on the magnetic shells planetward of the Saturn D-ring. The apparent absence of any systematic variation in frequency as the spacecraft crossed magnetic shells, implied that the signals were not simply locally excited standing Alfvén modes, but were pumped by coupling to global compressional eigenmodes excited in a cavity formed in the dayside magnetosphere. In this study, we use a numerical magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model to test such theoretical explanations for the observations, by examining in detail the MHD wave coupling and large scale spatial structure of the signals. The modeling not only shows good agreement with the data, but further provides new insight into features previously overlooked in the data. In particular, we show how the apparent frequency of a single spacecraft observation is affected by the phase variation present in a local field line resonance.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Evaluating the ionospheric mass source for Jupiter's magnetosphere:An ionospheric outflow model for the auroral regions

Ionospheric outflow is the flow of plasma initiated by a loss of equilibrium along a magnetic field line, which induces an ambipolar electric field due to the separation of electrons and ions in a gravitational field and other mass‐dependent sources. We have developed an ionospheric outflow model using the transport equations to determine the number of particles that flow into the outer magnetosphere of Jupiter. The model ranges from 1,400 km in altitude above the 1 bar level to 2.5 RJ along the magnetic field line and considers H+ and H3+ as the main ion constituents. Previously, only pressure gradients and gravitational forces were considered in modeling polar wind. However, at Jupiter we need to evaluate the effect of field‐aligned currents present in the auroral regions due to the breakdown of corotation in the magnetosphere, along with the centrifugal force exerted on the particles due to the fast planetary rotation rate. The total number flux from both hemispheres is found to be 1.3–1.8 × 1028 s−1 comparable in total number flux to the Io plasma source. The mass flux is lower due to the difference in ion species. This influx of protons from the ionosphere into the inner and middle magnetosphere needs to be included in future assessments of global flux tube dynamics and composition of the magnetosphere system

ULF waves in the low‐latitude boundary layer and their relationship to magnetospheric pulsations: A multisatellite observation

On April 30 (day 120), 1985, the magnetosphere was compressed at 0923 UT and the subsolar magnetopause remained near 7 REgeocentric for ∼2 hours, during which the four spacecraft Spacecraft Charging At High Altitude (SCATHA), GOES 5, GOES 6, and Active Magnetospheric Particle Tracer Explorers (AMPTE) CCE were all in the magnetosphere on the morning side. SCATHA was in the low-latitude boundary layer (LLBL) in the second half of this period. The interplanetary magnetic field was inferred to be northward from the characteristics of precipitating particle fluxes as observed by the low-altitude satellite Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) F7 and also from absence of substorms. We used magnetic field and particle data from this unique interval to study ULF waves in the LLBL and their relationship to magnetic pulsations in the magnetosphere. The LLBL was identified from the properties of particles, including bidirectional field-aligned electron beams at ∼200 eV. In the boundary layer the magnetic field exhibited both a 5–10 min irregular compressional oscillation and a broadband (Δƒ/ƒ ∼ 1) primarily transverse oscillations with a mean period of ∼50 s and a left-hand sense of polarization about the mean field. The former can be observed by other satellites and is likely due to pressure variations in the solar wind, while the latter is likely due to a Kelvin-Helmholtz (K.-H.) instability occurring in the LLBL or on the magnetopause. Also, a strongly transverse ∼3-s oscillation was observed in the LLBL. The magnetospheric pulsations, which exhibited position dependent frequencies, may be explained in terms of field line resonance with a broadband source wave, that is, either the pressure-induced compressional wave or the K.-H. wave generated in or near the boundary layer

Vortex motion in the ionosphere and nonlinear transport

The relation between vorticity and ionospheric flow patterns is investigated by using a fluid mechanics approach in place of the more customary electromagnetic approach. The focus on the fluid features is justified by the observation that in the incompressible limit appropriate to the ionosphere, vorticity can be regarded as the source of the flow field. We show how vorticity can be introduced into the flow by local ionospheric conditions. However, in the cases of greatest interest, the vorticity is imposed by external sources, which can be in the magnetosphere or in the solar wind. As an important application, we consider traveling ionospheric vortices propagating around the polar cap boundary. We show that such traveling disturbances transport both momentum and magnetic flux in the direction of their phase velocity, typically antisunward. Like other intermittent disturbances of small scale, such as flux transfer events, individual traveling ionospheric vortices transport relatively little flux, but multiple disturbances could conceivably transport an important fraction of the polar cap magnetic flux from the dayside to the tail

Targeting HIF2α-ARNT hetero-dimerisation as a novel therapeutic strategy for pulmonary arterial hypertension

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a destructive disease of the pulmonary vasculature often leading to right heart failure and death. Current therapeutic intervention strategies only slow disease progression. The role of aberrant hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)2α stability and function in the initiation and development of pulmonary hypertension (PH) has been an area of intense interest for nearly two decades. Here we determine the effect of a novel HIF2α inhibitor (PT2567) on PH disease initiation and progression, using two pre-clinical models of PH. Haemodynamic measurements were performed, followed by collection of heart, lung and blood for pathological, gene expression and biochemical analysis. Blood outgrowth endothelial cells from idiopathic PAH patients were used to determine the impact of HIF2α-inhibition on endothelial function. Global inhibition of HIF2a reduced pulmonary vascular haemodynamics and pulmonary vascular remodelling in both su5416/hypoxia prevention and intervention models. PT2567 intervention reduced the expression of PH-associated target genes in both lung and cardiac tissues and restored plasma nitrite concentration. Treatment of monocrotaline-exposed rodents with PT2567 reduced the impact on cardiovascular haemodynamics and promoted a survival advantage. In vitro, loss of HIF2α signalling in human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells suppresses target genes associated with inflammation, and PT2567 reduced the hyperproliferative phenotype and overactive arginase activity in blood outgrowth endothelial cells from idiopathic PAH patients. These data suggest that targeting HIF2α hetero-dimerisation with an orally bioavailable compound could offer a new therapeutic approach for PAH. Future studies are required to determine the role of HIF in the heterogeneous PAH population