Improvement of knowledge, attitude and perception of healthcare workers about ADR, a pre- and post-clinical pharmacists' interventional study

Purpose: Healthcare workers have a main role in detection, assessment and spontaneous reporting of adverse drug reactions (ADRs), and improvement of their related knowledge, attitude and perception is essential. The goal of this study was evaluation of clinical pharmacists' interventions in improvement of knowledge, attitude and perception of healthcare workers about ADRs in a teaching referral hospital, Tehran, Iran. Method: Changes in knowledge, attitude and perception of healthcare workers of Imam teaching hospital about ADRs were evaluated before and after clinical pharmacists' interventions including workshops, meetings and presentations. Results: From the 100 participated subjects, 82 of them completed the study. 51 of the health workers have been aware of the Iranian Pharmacovigilance Center at the ministry of health before intervention and after that all the participants knew this centre. About awareness and detection of ADRs in patients, 69 (84.1) healthcare workers recognised at least one, and following interventions, it was improved to 73 (89). Only seven (8.5) subjects have reported ADRs in before intervention phase that were increased significantly to 18 (22) after intervention. Conclusion: Clinical pharmacists' interventions were successful in improvement of healthcare workers' knowledge, attitude and perception about ADRs and spontaneous reporting in our hospital

Effects of vitamin D supplementation on the bone specific biomarkers in HIV infected individuals under treatment with efavirenz

BACKGROUND: It was reported that antiretroviral drugs such as efavirenz can increase the catabolism of vitamin D in HIV infected individuals. We have not found any study that evaluated effects of vitamin D supplementation on the bone specific biomarkers in HIV positive patients under treatment with antiretroviral regimen containing efavirenz. FINDINGS: Vitamin D deficiency was detected in 88.4 % of included patients. Baseline osteocalcin, but not collagen telopeptidase, serum levels were lower than normal range in all of these individuals. Both bone biomarkers’ concentrations increased significantly (p < 0.001 for both of them) after supplementation of vitamin D and it was more predominant for osteocalcin. CONCLUSION: In the HIV-infected patients under treatment with efavirenz, vitamin D deficiency is prevalent. After supplementation with single dose of 300,000 IU vitamin D in this population, the activation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts stimulates bone formation and resorption respectively with favorable bone formation without any adverse event. Significant percent of HIV infected individuals are vitamin d deficient that could benefit from vitamin D supplementation

Effect of Recommended Dietary Intake versus Higher Doses of Supplemental Zinc on Iron and Copper Deficiency Anemia Among Patients with Chronic Kidney Diseases, A Double-Blinded, Randomized Clinical Trial

Background: Complex interplays happen in absorption and function of iron, zinc and copper. Both zinc deficiency and excess may lead to anemia. In Iran, commonly available supplements for chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients contain 25 mg-zinc (Zn). This study compared 25 mg versus 7.5 mg dose of zinc in anemia of CKD patients, the latter dose approximates to recommended dietary intake (RDI) of zinc. Methods: In this double-blinded clinical trial, 51 non-dialysis CKD patients were randomized to continue previous formulation (25 mg-Zn group) or change to a new preparation (7.5 mg-Zn group) for three months. Blood counts and serum iron, zinc and copper status were compared between and within the groups. Results: At the end of the study, serum copper and ceruloplasmin concentrations were significantly higher in 7.5 mg-Zn group compared with those in 25 mg-Zn arm (115.04± 23.05 vs. 102.48±14.98 µg/dL; P= 0.02 and 29.97±7.94 vs. 25.42±4.23 mg/dL; P= 0.01, respectively). Serum zinc levels did not differ between two groups (76.73±15.35 vs. 77.68±18.07 µg/dL for 7.5 mg-Zn and 25 mg-Zn groups, respectively; P= 0.84). After three months, patients in 7.5 mg-Zn group experienced increase in their Hb (11.11±1.17 vs. 10.72±1.03 g/dL; P= 0.04), HCT (35.28± 4.01 vs. 33.96± 3.74%; P= 0.03), MCV (86.30 (81.40-90.82) vs. 86.00 (80.35-88.77) ¦L; P= 0.01) and ferritin (202.60 (79.29-298.97) vs. 129.07 (42.25-225.87) ng/mL; P<0.001) compared to their baseline values. Conclusion: Reducing zinc content to its RDI value in supplement for CKD patients led to increased serum copper and ceruloplasmin concentrations. Moreover, patients who switched to RDI zinc-containing formula experienced a significant rise in blood hemoglobin. hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and ferritin concentration

Impact of neuraminidase inhibitors on influenza A(H1N1)pdm09‐related pneumonia: an individual participant data meta‐analysis

BACKGROUND: The impact of neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) on influenza‐related pneumonia (IRP) is not established. Our objective was to investigate the association between NAI treatment and IRP incidence and outcomes in patients hospitalised with A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection. METHODS: A worldwide meta‐analysis of individual participant data from 20 634 hospitalised patients with laboratory‐confirmed A(H1N1)pdm09 (n = 20 021) or clinically diagnosed (n = 613) ‘pandemic influenza’. The primary outcome was radiologically confirmed IRP. Odds ratios (OR) were estimated using generalised linear mixed modelling, adjusting for NAI treatment propensity, antibiotics and corticosteroids. RESULTS: Of 20 634 included participants, 5978 (29·0%) had IRP; conversely, 3349 (16·2%) had confirmed the absence of radiographic pneumonia (the comparator). Early NAI treatment (within 2 days of symptom onset) versus no NAI was not significantly associated with IRP [adj. OR 0·83 (95% CI 0·64–1·06; P = 0·136)]. Among the 5978 patients with IRP, early NAI treatment versus none did not impact on mortality [adj. OR = 0·72 (0·44–1·17; P = 0·180)] or likelihood of requiring ventilatory support [adj. OR = 1·17 (0·71–1·92; P = 0·537)], but early treatment versus later significantly reduced mortality [adj. OR = 0·70 (0·55–0·88; P = 0·003)] and likelihood of requiring ventilatory support [adj. OR = 0·68 (0·54–0·85; P = 0·001)]. CONCLUSIONS: Early NAI treatment of patients hospitalised with A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection versus no treatment did not reduce the likelihood of IRP. However, in patients who developed IRP, early NAI treatment versus later reduced the likelihood of mortality and needing ventilatory support

The need for an integrated pharmacological response to the treatment of HIV/AIDS and depression

Introduction: The coexistence of depression and HIV infection affects more than 9 million people worldwide. A literature review revealed a large gap regarding the pharmacotherapy of depression among patients dually diagnosed with HIV and depression. Areas covered:In this review, the authors covered the various dimensions of deploying integrated pharmacological treatment of HIV/AIDS and depression. This topic was addressed in two ways; first, the direct results of integrated pharmacotherapy in syndemic patients; second, the indirect effects of the integrated model on other outcomes of HIV care. Expert opinion: An integrated pharmacological response to the treatment of HIV and depression can bring substantial benefits to HIV outcomes and reduce the burden of both diseases. The direct advantages regarding pharmacological response to the treatment of depression along with HIV care are improving adherence to antiretroviral therapy, optimizing pharmacotherapy, minimizing drug interaction, and prevention of additive adverse drug reactions. Furthermore, in some cases, medication can target both depression and other neuropsychiatric or somatic comorbidities among people living with HIV/AIDS. The integrated pharmacotherapy also has some potential indirect advantages on HIV care outcomes like minimizing loss of care, reducing ongoing HIV transmission, and improving the outcomes of both diseases

Heparin Resistance During and Post-Intravenous Nitroglycerin Infusion: Heparin and nitroglycerin interaction

Nitroglycerin has been reported to reduce activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) values in patients treated with concurrent heparin and nitroglycerin. However, studies have yielded conflicting results. To determine whether intravenous nitroglycerin alters the anticoagulant effect of heparin, we prospectively evaluated twenty patients admitted for coronary angioplasty by measuring their aPTT both before initiation and after addition of nitroglycerin to heparin therapy. The results showed that the mean of aPTT at the baseline when patients were on heparin alone was not significantly different from aPTT measured upon addition of nitroglycerin, and 30 min following the cessation of nitroglycerin infusion, when patients were still on the same dose of heparin. Therefore, no direct effect of nitroglycerin on the anticoagulant effect of heparin was observed in this study

Adherence to Empiric Antibiotic Therapy Guideline in a Referral Teaching Hospital, Tehran, Iran

Antibiotic guidelines have proven to be a simple and effective intervention to guide the choice of appropriate empiric antibiotic regimens. The goals of this study were to evaluate adherence to guidelines and streamlining of antibiotics. Hospital records of hospitalized patients in infectious diseases ward Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran, Iran, from May 2008 to September 2009 were reviewed. Adherence to guideline was defined as the use of empiric antibiotic in accordance with the clinical diagnosis and local guideline recommendations. In this study, 528 patients with a confirmed infectious disease diagnosis were considered for analysis. The four most frequent diagnoses were skin and soft tissue infections, tuberculosis, respiratory tract infections, and HIV associated opportunistic infections. The most frequent prescribed antibiotic was ceftriaxone. Overall adherence to guideline was 70.8% and the adherence for the most frequent diagnosis was 68%. Frequency of compatibility with the guidelines for were administrated regimes on the basis of drug selection, dosage form and drug dosing were 86.2%, 97% and 84.7%, respectively. The mean lag time between patients&apos; hospital admission and starting empiric therapy was 1.69&plusmn;4.9 days. In general, physicians&apos; adherence with guidelines for empiric antibiotic therapy was high in infectious disease ward with a justified delay. Larger studies are required to establish these conclusions