Redução de danos: estratégia de cuidado com populações vulneráveis na cidade de Santo André - SP

The Harm Reduction Unit (HRU) of the Municipal Health Department of Santo André (state of São Paulo) is a working tool for healthcare that has the purpose of transforming the health situation of individuals who are part of socially stigmatized, therefore vulnerable, groups. These are individuals who spend their lives or work on the streets: drug users, male prostitutes, female sex workers, men who have sex with men, sexually exploited adolescents, transsexuals, transvestites, lesbians and women working in brothels. The HRU's potential benefits were indicated to be: it improved healthcare and condom use; decreased drug use; improved seeking and access to healthcare services; decreased material sharing for drug use; improved decision-making capacity. HRU's actions have gone beyond prevention of health damage, as it has promoted broader transformations such as awareness of social rights in general and health rights in particular, along with actions towards making these rights apply, based on the principle of integrality of SUS (Brazil's National Health System). Since 2002 we have assisted, through outreach work, 240 prostitutes, 120 travestites, 10 sexually exploited adolescents and 28 drug users (intravenous and crack).A Unidade de Redução de Danos (URD) da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Santo André, compreendida como instrumento do serviço de saúde em atuação avançada, tem por finalidade transformar a situação de saúde de sujeitos que fazem parte de grupos sociais estigmatizados e, portanto, vulnerabilizados; são indivíduos que circulam ou trabalham nas ruas - usuários de drogas, michês, mulheres profissionais do sexo, homens que fazem sexo com homens, adolescentes em situação de exploração sexual, transexuais, travestis, lésbicas e mulheres que trabalham em casas de programas. Nosso objetivo é assegurar aos indivíduos desses grupos o direito à saúde e, baseados no princípio de Integralidade do SUS, apoiar o acesso a outros direitos sociais. Desde 2002, através do trabalho de campo, foi possibilitada a vinculação de 240 profissionais do sexo, 120 travestis, 10 crianças e adolescentes, 28 usuários de droga injetável e usuários de crack, que até então não tinham acesso aos recursos e dispositivos de saúde do Município

ORALIDADE E FORMAÇÃO PROFISSIONAL DOCENTE: CONFIGURAÇÕES DO GÊNERO ORAL PROVA DIDÁTICA

In this paper, we analyze the configurations of the oral genre didactic-test in the context of a public contest for the teaching career. We seek fundamentals about the importance of teacher education strongly related to the field of work, which involves a series of professional knowledge and practices. In addition, we are based on the concept of textual genre, from different theoretical perspectives, which cover pragmatic, historical and ideological issues in the analysis, which allowed us to unveil still fragile topics in public notices for such a career. In this exploratory study, we used six public notices, in addition to the authors' experiences - in the role of candidates and members of the examining committee; with these data, we featured the most common topics of this practice of orality. The data were organized into eight items, which reveal the settings of the genre: the context of circulation, the interlocutors and roles, other genres involved, the simulation, the typical forms of interaction, the didactic resources, the content and the non-linguistic aspects of this typical oral genre. The study allows us to better visualize fundamental elements for the performance of the teacher-candidate, which also strengthens the discourse in favor of learning the teacher’s métier gender in their professionalization.  Neste trabalho, analisamos as configurações do gênero oral prova didática em contexto de concurso para a carreira de magistério. Buscamos fundamentos acerca da importância da formação de professores fortemente relacionada ao campo do trabalho, que envolve uma série de conhecimentos e práticas profissionais. Além disso, baseamo-nos no conceito de gênero textual, a partir de diferentes perspectivas teóricas, que abarcam questões pragmáticas, históricas e ideológicas na análise, o que nos permitiu descortinar tópicos ainda frágeis em editais de concurso para tal carreira. Neste estudo exploratório, lançamos mão de seis editais de concurso, além de experiências dos autores - no papel de candidatas/os e integrantes de bancas; com esses dados, caracterizamos os tópicos mais comuns desta prática de oralidade. Os dados foram organizados em oito itens, que revelam as configurações do gênero: o contexto de circulação, os interlocutores e papéis, outros gêneros envolvidos, a simulação, as formas típicas de interação, os recursos didáticos, o conteúdo e os aspectos não linguísticos desse típico gênero oral. O estudo permite melhor visualizar elementos fundamentais para atuação do professor-candidato, o que também fortalece o discurso em prol da aprendizagem dos gêneros do métier docente na sua profissionalização

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file

Local hydrological conditions influence tree diversity and composition across the Amazon basin

Tree diversity and composition in Amazonia are known to be strongly determined by the water supplied by precipitation. Nevertheless, within the same climatic regime, water availability is modulated by local topography and soil characteristics (hereafter referred to as local hydrological conditions), varying from saturated and poorly drained to well-drained and potentially dry areas. While these conditions may be expected to influence species distribution, the impacts of local hydrological conditions on tree diversity and composition remain poorly understood at the whole Amazon basin scale. Using a dataset of 443 1-ha non-flooded forest plots distributed across the basin, we investigate how local hydrological conditions influence 1) tree alpha diversity, 2) the community-weighted wood density mean (CWM-wd) – a proxy for hydraulic resistance and 3) tree species composition. We find that the effect of local hydrological conditions on tree diversity depends on climate, being more evident in wetter forests, where diversity increases towards locations with well-drained soils. CWM-wd increased towards better drained soils in Southern and Western Amazonia. Tree species composition changed along local soil hydrological gradients in Central-Eastern, Western and Southern Amazonia, and those changes were correlated with changes in the mean wood density of plots. Our results suggest that local hydrological gradients filter species, influencing the diversity and composition of Amazonian forests. Overall, this study shows that the effect of local hydrological conditions is pervasive, extending over wide Amazonian regions, and reinforces the importance of accounting for local topography and hydrology to better understand the likely response and resilience of forests to increased frequency of extreme climate events and rising temperatures

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types