PROPOSTAS DE AÇÕES DOCENTES E A SUPERAÇÃO DE PRÁTICAS PEDAGÓGICAS TRADICIONAIS NO ENSINO DE HISTÓRIA

A superação das práticas pedagógicas tradicionais no ensino de História coloca-se como uma imposição para os educadores. A utilização sistemática do livro didático, a constante utilização de aulas expositivas, sem a efetiva participação dos educandos, o apego ao currículo, elaborado sem levar em conta a construção de uma consciência crítica, a simples transmissão de um conhecimento pronto, são algumas características ainda presentes no ensino público. A partir dessas constatações verificadas em aulas de História, ministradas por educadores de instituições públicas de ensino, o presente trabalho busca apontar algumas ações pedagógicas que propusessem uma superação de ações pedagógicas características da pedagogia tradicional. O trabalho propõe também uma discussão acerca da análise da ação pedagógica do educador e sua conseqüência para a construção do conhecimento por parte dos educandos

A PERMANÊNCIA DE PRÁTICAS PEDAGÓGICAS TRADICIONAIS NO ENSINO DE HISTÓRIA

O presente trabalho pretende analisar os resultados de uma pesquisa de campo realizada em algumas escolas públicas do Ensino Médio, em Porto Alegre. A partir de observações realizadas em aulas de História, ministradas por educadores dessas instituições públicas, o trabalho propõe uma discussão acerca da análise da ação pedagógica do educador e sua conseqüência para a construção do conhecimento por parte dos educandos. A utilização sistemática do livro didático, a constante utilização de aulas expositivas, sem a efetiva participação dos educandos, o apego ao currículo, elaborado sem levar em conta a construção de uma consciência crítica, a simples transmissão de um conhecimento pronto, foram algumas características percebidas durante a observação. Assim, constata-se a permanência de práticas tradicionais na ação pedagógica dos educadores

Direct Application of the Phase Estimation Algorithm to Find the Eigenvalues of the Hamiltonians

The eigenvalue of a Hamiltonian, $\mathcal{H}$, can be estimated through the phase estimation algorithm given the matrix exponential of the Hamiltonian, $exp(-i\mathcal{H})$. The difficulty of this exponentiation impedes the applications of the phase estimation algorithm particularly when $\mathcal{H}$ is composed of non-commuting terms. In this paper, we present a method to use the Hamiltonian matrix directly in the phase estimation algorithm by using an ancilla based framework: In this framework, we also show how to find the power of the Hamiltonian matrix-which is necessary in the phase estimation algorithm-through the successive applications. This may eliminate the necessity of matrix exponential for the phase estimation algorithm and therefore provide an efficient way to estimate the eigenvalues of particular Hamiltonians. The classical and quantum algorithmic complexities of the framework are analyzed for the Hamiltonians which can be written as a sum of simple unitary matrices and shown that a Hamiltonian of order $2^n$ written as a sum of $L$ number of simple terms can be used in the phase estimation algorithm with $(n+1+logL)$ number of qubits and $O(2^anL)$ number of quantum operations, where $a$ is the number of iterations in the phase estimation. In addition, we use the Hamiltonian of the hydrogen molecule as an example system and present the simulation results for finding its ground state energy.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figure

A CONSOLIDAÇÃO DO PTB NA CONJUNTURA POLÍTICO-PARTIDÁRIA NACIONAL (1959-1964)

A redemocratização política brasileira, com o final do Estado Novo, durante a segunda metade da década de 1940, consolida uma conjuntura pluripartidária. A configuração partidária apontava o predomínio de três grandes partidos nacionais, quais sejam, o Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro (PTB), o Partido Social Democrático (PSD) e a União Democrática Nacional (UDN), constituindo uma estrutura triangular partidária hegemônica. O PTB, constituindo-se como um dos vértices dessa estrutura triangular partidária, consolida-se a partir do viés redistributivo-reformista, permanente em suas propostas políticas, no que tange às políticas econômicas. Essas proposições de combate às desigualdades sociais, o destacaram em relação aos demais partidos políticos da época. Estabelece-se como problemática para o presente artigo a análise da consolidação partidária do PTB na conjuntura político-partidária nacional do final da década de 1950 até o golpe civil-militar de 1964

O ensino e o conhecimento na educação a distância: um olhar discente sobre a EAD em cursos tecnólogos de Recursos Humanos

A Educação a Distância é um processo de ensino-aprendizagem cujo surgimento se deu como uma prática pedagógica alternativa, mediada por tecnologias, onde docentes e discentes estão separados espacial e/ou temporariamente. Partindo dessa premissa, esta pesquisa apresenta reflexão teórica sobre a importância da Educação a Distância, refletindo sobre sua expansão na realidade atual, comentando e discutindo sobre aspectos legais, assim como as implicações pedagógicas e as mais recentes iniciativas verificadas no assunto. Analisamos a diversidade conceitual do termo Educação a Distância (EAD) e alguns impactos resultantes dessa nova forma educacional nas atividades pedagógicas. Através de um breve histórico, buscamos conhecer a realidade do ensino a distância (EAD) no Brasil, as vantagens e desvantagens em relação ao ensino presencial e a importância que esse tipo de ensino possa ter para o crescimento intelectual de nosso país

Disappearance of Proceratophrys moratoi in its type locality by anthropogenic environmental changes

Many cases of species decline or disappearance are being documented worldwide, primarily related to change and loss of habitat. We present strong evidences on the disappearance of Proceratophrys moratoi in its type locality, the area of Botucatu, São Paulo, and south eastern Brazil. Between August 2006 and December 2008 we exhaustively search for the species in its two occurrence areas in Botucatu. However, the species was not recorded in these areas. The species has high specificity and low plasticity regarding environment occupation, and does not adapt to the anthropogenic changes in its habitat. These data demonstrate the need to protect the occurrence areas of Proceratophrys moratoi, especially as a full protection reserve to guarantee the survival of the remaining population

Characterization of lipid extracts from the Hermetia illucens larvae and their bioactivities for potential use as pharmaceutical and cosmetic ingredients

There is an increasingly growing demand for the use of natural and sustainable bioactives in the field of the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. The biomass from black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) can be viewed as an innovative source of compounds with high aggregate value and marketing potential due to the sustainable organic matter bioconversion process used as substrate for its development. This insect can be a source of lipid compounds with high added value, mainly due to its high content in fatty acids (FA) with potential applicability in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. In this context, in this work different extraction methods were tested (decoction, microwaves, maceration and ultrasound), using water, acetone, n-hexane as extraction solvents, to evaluate yields of the BSF larvae lipid extracts, as well as their lipid profile, and a pre- liminary safety screening was conducted. Results show that despite using different extraction techniques and solvents, similar FA composition profiles were obtained. The lauric acid content (C12: 0) is elevated in all the extracts in relation to the other FA, ranging 37%–62%. The contents in palmitic (C16: 0) and oleic (C18: 1n-9) acids, were also high in all applied extraction methods. The omega-6 FA (ω-6 PUFAs), mainly linoleic acid (C18: 2n6c), were also identified in the lipid fraction of BSF larvae biomass, with a content variation between 4.5% and 17.7%, while the omega-3 group, namely α-Linolenic acid (C18: 3n3), presented values between 0.66% and 1.95%. None of the extracts presented toxicity in preliminary tests with the Artemia salina model. Through this study, it was possible to confirm that BSF larvae oil can be obtained by sustainable methods, containing a broad mixture of FA and being highly rich in lauric acid, with a promising skin care applicability.This work was supported by national funds through FCT - Foundation for Science and Technology, I.P., under the UIDB/04567/2020 and UIDP/04567/2020 projects attributed to CBIOS, and UIDB/00690/2020 to CIMO and by the PhD grant attributed to C.A. (UI/BD/151423/2021). National funding by FCT, P.I., through the institutional scientific employment program-contract for the contracts of A. Fernandes and L. Barros. Additionally, the authors would like to acknowledge funding of the projects ENTOVALOR (POCI-01-0247-FEDER294 017675/ 2016–2019) and NETA (POCI-01-0247-046959).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Ultrasonographic evaluation of optic nerve avulsion with 10 and 20 MHZ probes: case report

A avulsão traumática do nervo óptico é evento raro. É relatado um caso de avulsão completa do nervo óptico unilateral após trauma contuso do bulbo ocular sem afetar a integridade de outras estruturas. Ultra-sonografia com sondas B de 10 e 20 MHz se mostrou útil no diagnóstico da lesão, ao passo que a tomografia de órbita não foi conclusiva. O prognóstico visual é reservado, dependente da acuidade visual inicial, que no presente caso foi ausência de percepção luminosa. Não existe tratamento eficaz para lesões completas do nervo óptico, sendo que nenhum tratamento específico foi utilizado neste caso.Traumatic optic nerve avulsion is a rare event. A case of complete unilateral optic nerve avulsion after blunt ocular trauma without major damage to other ocular structures is reported. B-scan ultrasonography with 10 and 20 MHz probes proved to be helpful in diagnosing the optic nerve lesion, whereas orbital computed tomography was inconclusive. The prognosis is ominous and it is dependent on the initial visual acuity, which was no light perception in this case. There is no efficient treatment for complete optic nerve avulsion, and no specific treatment was performed in this case

Sunflower nutrition irrigated with domestic sewage treated

This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional status of the sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) irrigated with domestic effluents. The study was performed in a pilot sewage treatment plant, where the treatments were composed by the combination of two factors: types of water (A1 - effluent treated by UASB reactor; A2 – effluent treated with digester decant and anaerobic filtering; A3 – effluent treated with anaerobic filtering; and A4 – water supply) and irrigation depths (L1 - equal to the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and L2 – 1.2 ETc. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme, with four replications. At 96 days after sowing, the leaves, capitulum, and achenes were collected for the concentration evaluation of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S. The analyses of variance were performed based on the concentration of the nutrients in the respective organs; when significant, they were analyzed by orthogonal contrasts. The sunflower nutritional status was influenced by the types of treatment for the domestic sewage, especially regarding N, Ca and S, and by the irrigation depths; the sunflower crop presented a better nutritional balance when irrigated with treated domestic effluents; with the application of the water supply only, the nutritional supply of the P and S, is necessary.This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional status of the sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) irrigated with domestic effluents. The study was performed in a pilot sewage treatment plant, where the treatments were composed by the combination of two factors: types of water (A1 - effluent treated by UASB reactor; A2 – effluent treated with digester decant and anaerobic filtering; A3 – effluent treated with anaerobic filtering; and A4 – water supply) and irrigation depths (L1 - equal to the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and L2 – 1.2 ETc. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme, with four replications. At 96 days after sowing, the leaves, capitulum, and achenes were collected for the concentration evaluation of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S. The analyses of variance were performed based on the concentration of the nutrients in the respective organs; when significant, they were analyzed by orthogonal contrasts. The sunflower nutritional status was influenced by the types of treatment for the domestic sewage, especially regarding N, Ca and S, and by the irrigation depths; the sunflower crop presented a better nutritional balance when irrigated with treated domestic effluents; with the application of the water supply only, the nutritional supply of the P and S, is necessary