La «pax» concessa da Angelo Ingegneri al genovese Andronico Garbarino nel 1581

In 1581 the Venetian poet Angelo Ingegneri and the Genoese law doctor Andronico Garbarino went to the Parma notary Giovanni Maria Amitta to sign a ‘peace’ and thus avoid the duel. Sometime before Garbarino had insulted and slapped Ingegneri for reasons that are not reported in the document. If Garbarino was accustomed to violence, so much so that he fled Genoa after killing a man in the context of the violent competition between the ‘old’ and ‘new’ factions, Ingegneri seems to have been more peaceful, even if in that same year 1581 he took the liberty of publishing Torquato Tasso’s Gerusalemme liberata in Parma without the authorization of the author, who was imprisoned in Ferrara at the time, and without granting him any financial satisfaction. The study offers the opportunity for some reflection on the ancient code of honor expressed by Ariosto and Tasso, the treatises on dueling published in the Italian states in the modern era and on the efforts of the Roman Congregations of the Index of the Holy Office to limit the practice of dueling. In the appendices the treatises on dueling printed in Italy between the 16th and 18th centuries are listed and the notarial deed of ‘peace’ is transcribed

A SITUAÇÃO DAS PESSOAS PORTADORAS DE DEFICIÊNCIA FÍSICA: COTEJO ENTRE OS INSTRUMENTOS TEÓRICOS EXISTENTES E AS LIMITAÇÕES IMPOSTAS POR UMA INFRA-ESTRUTURA URBANA INADEQUADA E EXCLUDENTE

O presente trabalho foi proposto a partir da observaçãoda ausência de políticas públicas consistentes para aimplementação de uma infra-estrutura urbana que respeiteos portadores de deficiência física, bem como emface das constantes violações aos direitos humanos queestas pessoas vêm sofrendo. O estudo consiste em umatentativa de executar a legislação vigente, através do PoderJudiciário, quando o Poder Executivo for inefetivo.Para tal escopo, abordou-se o tema sob a perspectiva dosdireitos humanos, tendo sido apresentados os principaisinstrumentos teóricos existentes em âmbito internacional,bem como a legislação brasileira pertinente. O trabalhointenta fornecer subsídios para pesquisas e, inclusive,para eventuais ações judiciais

Victimización en Grupos de Riesgo - Inmigrantes, Personas con discapacidad y Trabajadoras del Sexo – Aplicación de las buenas prácticas de la Directiva 2012/29/UE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo de la Unión Europea respecto a los Derechos de las Víctimas

El estudio busca analizar estrategias de prevención y propuestas de actuación victimológica en los siguientes colectivos de riesgo: inmigrantes, personas con discapacidad y trabajadoras del sexo. Serán presentadas algunas estrategias de afrontamiento que pueden ser utilizadas por los profesionales que trabajan con estos grupos y que minimizan los efectos de la victimización y previnen la llamada victimización secundaria y terciaria. Además, serán presentados los modelos teóricos y teorías criminológicas aplicables a los grupos de riesgo estudiados, tales como, la teoría de las actividades rutinarias, la teoría del estilo de vida, la teoría general de la tensión, la teoría del interaccionismo social y la respuesta frente al estrés y la teoría del estigma social, como un desmembramiento de la teoría del etiquetamiento, pues se trabaja con los estereotipos, los prejuicios y la discriminación. Por último, será hecha referencia a las buenas prácticas presentes en la Directiva 2012/29/UE de 25 de octubre de 2012 por la que se establecen normas mínimas sobre los derechos, el apoyo y la protección de las víctimas de delitos.

Los derechos de los investigados y la paridad de armas en la cooperación jurídica internacional penal en el ámbito de la Unión Europea: el futuro del derecho fundamental a la defensa

This study intends to elide a reductionist view of international legal assistance, in the sense that we cannot forget that, on the other side of the punitive function of the State, there is a person with numerous safeguards and rights provided historically. Given this premise, it will be analyzed the specific regulations of the European Union and the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights on the subject: what rights and guarantees should be considered by States in order to ensure a fair criminal prosecution from the perspective of the principles of adversary proceeding and full right to defense, as well as the prevailing principle of human dignity, from the perspective of the equality of arms. In this context, this work has as main scope investigate the possibility of international legal assistance in criminal defense. Finally, it believes that the future of international legal assistance in criminal matters is to make available to the defense the same mechanisms available to the charge, in full and due equal rights.Este estudio intenta evitar una visión reduccionista de la cooperación jurídica internacional, en el sentido de que no se olvide que tras la función punitiva del Estado se halla una persona con garantías y derechos establecidos históricamente. Teniendo en cuenta esta premisa, se trata de analizar las regulaciones específicas de la Unión Europea y la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos sobre el tema: qué derechos y garantías deben ser considerados por los Estados con el fin de garantizar un procesamiento penal equitativo desde la perspectiva de los principios de contradicción y de la amplia defensa adversaria, así como del prevaleciente principio de la dignidad humana, desde la perspectiva de los principios de contradicción, defensa jurídica y paridad de armas. En este contexto, el presente trabajo tiene como ámbito principal investigar la posibilidad de la cooperación jurídica internacional en materia de defensa penal, por la vía de una institución semejante a la Fiscalía

IN DUBIO PRO SOCIETATE NA PROGRESSÃO DE REGIME: DEFESA SOCIAL, PERICULOSIDADE, VULNERABILIDADE

RESUMO Diante das mudanças dos critérios para a obtenção da progressão de regime de cumprimento de pena, trazidas pela Lei 10.792, em 2003, diversas têm sido as formulações elaboradas pelo Judiciário para descumpri-la. Este trabalho busca analisar a utilização do princípio in dubio pro societate como uma dessas criações judiciais. Na primeira parte, analisa-se criticamente, através de pesquisa bibliográfica exploratória, os requisitos legais para a progressão e a repercussão prática das alterações na lei. Na segunda, apresenta-se uma análise de conteúdo de acórdãos do Tribunal de Justiça do Rio Grande do Sul, de modo a identificar os significados atribuídos ao princípio in dubio pro societate. Dado o ecletismo e contradição entre as justificativas para a manutenção do regime fechado, nota-se que o princípio tem sido usado como forma de burlar a previsão legal, garantindo que o juiz jogue com os laudos sociais e psicológicos de acordo com seu próprio arbítrio. Resgata-se, assim, a terminologia própria da nova defesa social, em especial a cessação de periculosidade, combinada com a vulnerabilidade. Nenhuma das categorias condiz com o direito penal liberal e tampouco com os resultados das pesquisas de sociologia da prisão existentes no campo da criminologia crítica.     PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Execução penal;  Progressão de regime;  Prisão; Criminologia crítica.   ABSTRACT Given the changes in the criteria for obtaining the progression of penalty compliance regime, introduced by Law 10,792, in 2003, several formulations have been done by the Judiciary to disobeying it. This paper analyzes the use of the principle in dubio pro societate as one of those judicial creations. In the first part, we explore critically, through bibliographical research, the legal requirements for progression of penalty compliance regime and the practical impact of the legal changes. In the second, we present a content analysis of judgments of the Court of Justice of Rio Grande do Sul, in order to identify the meanings attributed to the principle in dubio pro societate. Given the contradiction and eclecticism of the justifications for maintaining the closed regime, it is noted that the principle has been used as a way to tease the legal prevision, ensuring that the judge plays with the social and psychological reports according to their own will. Thus, the very terminology of the new social defense is rescued, in particular the cessation of danger, combined with the vulnerability. None of the categories matches with the liberal criminal law nor with the results of existing researches on sociology of prison, in the field of Critical criminology.   KEYWORDS: Pena execution; Progression of penalty compliance regime; prison; Critical criminology

4-Benzyl-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole: crystal structure and Hirshfeld analysis

The mol­ecule in the title compound, C15H12N4O2, has a twisted L-shape with the dihedral angle between the aromatic rings of the N-bound benzene and C-bound benzyl groups being 70.60 (9)°. The nitro group is co-planar with the benzene ring to which it is connected [C—C—N—O torsion angle = 0.4 (3)°]. The three-dimensional packing is stabilized by a combination of methyl­ene-C—H...O(nitro), methyl­ene-C—H...π(phen­yl), phenyl-C—H...π(triazol­yl) and nitro-O...π(nitro­benzene) inter­actions, along with weak π(triazol­yl)–π(nitrobenzene) contacts [inter-centroid distance = 3.8386 (10) Å]. The importance of the specified inter­molecular contacts has been verified by an analysis of the calculated Hirshfeld surface

Mycotoxins in maize: mitigation actions, with a chain management approach

Maize is the principal staple food/feed crop exposed to mycotoxins, and the co-occurrence of multiple mycotoxins and their metabolites has been well documented. This review presents the infection cycle, ecology, and plant-pathogen interactions of Aspergillus and Fusarium species in maize, and current knowledge on maize chain management to mitigate the occurrence of aflatoxins and fumonisins. Preventive actions include at pre-harvest, as part of cropping systems, at harvest, and at postharvest, through storage, processing, and detoxification to minimize consumer exposure. Preventive actions in the field have been recognized as efficient for reducing the entrance of mycotoxins into production chains. Biological control of Aspergillus flavus has been recognized to minimize contamination with aflatoxins. Post-harvest maize grain management is also crucial to complete preventive actions, and has been made mandatory in government food and feed legislation.This review was prepared as part of MYCHIF EFSA project (GP/EFSA/AFSCO/2016/01). Roberta Palumbo carried out this work within the PhD school Agrisystem of Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Italy. This study was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the scope of the strategic funding of UID/BIO/04469 unit and COMPETE 2020 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006684) and BioTecNorte operation (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004) funded by the European Regional Development Fund under the scope of Norte2020 - Programa Operacional Regional do Norte. This paper was critically reviewed in collaboration with MycoKey project (Horizon 2020, Grant Agreement No. 678781).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The route of mycotoxins in the grape food chain

Grapes are consumed throughout the world in different ways, ranging from fresh fruit to processed products. Regardless of the product, risk management starts in preharvest stages to control initial development of mycotoxigenic fungi and avoid consequent problems in the whole chain. The main concern in grapes and grape products is the presence of black Aspergillus species and the subsequent production of ochratoxin A. However, other mycotoxigenic fungi have been detected and may need further attention. The adoption of crop management strategies, such as selection of varieties, training system, and soil management, can reduce fungal proliferation. Biological methods can also be used to inhibit fungal contamination. These methods can substitute for chemical approaches and be used in later phases of grape processing to allow safe storage. Due to the wide range of products that can be obtained from grapes, different fungal species can be responsible for postharvest deterioration. Taking this into account, the aim of this work is to review strategies for mitigation of mycotoxin risk in the whole grape chain considering data on the occurrence and development of mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxin biosynthesis.This review was prepared as part of MYCHIF EFSA project (GP/EFSA/AFSCO/2016/01). Roberta Palumbo carried out this work within the PhD school Agrisystem of Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Italy). This study was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the scope of the strategic funding of UID/BIO/04469/2019 unit and BioTecNorte operation (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004) funded by the European Regional Development Fund under the scope of Norte2020 - Programa Operacional Regional do Norte.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Interdependent binary choices under social influence: phase diagram for homogeneous unbiased populations

Coupled Ising models are studied in a discrete choice theory framework, where they can be understood to represent interdependent choice making processes for homogeneous populations under social influence. Two different coupling schemes are considered. The nonlocal or group interdependence model is used to study two interrelated groups making the same binary choice. The local or individual interdependence model represents a single group where agents make two binary choices which depend on each other. For both models, phase diagrams, and their implications in socioeconomic contexts, are described and compared in the absence of private deterministic utilities (zero opinion fields).Comment: 17 pages, 3 figures. This is the pre-peer reviewed version of the following article: Ana Fern\'andez del R\'io, Elka Korutcheva and Javier de la Rubia, Interdependent binary choices under social influence, Wiley's Complexity, 2012; which has been published in final form at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cplx.21397/abstrac

A model of ideological struggle

A general model for opinion formation and competition, like in ideological struggles is formulated. The underlying set is a closed one, like a country but in which the population size is variable in time. Several ideologies compete to increase their number of adepts. Such followers can be either converted from one ideology to another or become followers of an ideology though being previously ideologically-free. A reverse process is also allowed. We consider two kinds of conversion: unitary conversion, e.g. by means of mass communication tools, or binary conversion, e.g. by means of interactions between people. It is found that the steady state,when it exists, depends on the number of ideologies. Moreover when the number of ideologies increases some tension arises between them. This tension can change in the course of time. We propose to measure the ideology tensions through an appropriately defined scale index.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures, 46 references, working pape