The Comparision of Serum Malondialdehyde Level Between H. Pylori Positive and H. Pylori Negative Gastritis Patients

Background: Helicobacter pylori is the most common cause of chronic gastritis in the world, meanwhile gastritis caused by NSAIDs is the most encountered type of gastritis. Increased free radicals caused by Helicobacter pylori can cause damage in gastric mucous. Tissue damage due to free radicals can be examined by measuring malondialdehyde compound. There are many studies that proves the increased malondialdehyde in gastritis, but those studies commonly done in animal experimentation and malondialdehyde examination in gastric mucous.Method: This is a cross-sectional study of 40 dyspepsia patients who came to endoscopic unit of Adam Malik General Hospital Medan and networking hospitals by using Rome III criteria. Further examination with gastroscopy and biopsy was done to determine gastritis. H. pylori examination was done by using Campylobacter-like organism test (CLO) test. Serum malondiasldehyde level was examined with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method.Results: From total of 40 patients,24 (60%) were men and 16 (40%) were women with an average age of 47 years, the majority of the ethnic was Bataknese (57.5%). From 20 patients with H.pylori (+), the average level of malondialdehyde was 1.58 umol/mL while in 20 other patients with H.pylori (-), malondialdehyde level was 1.19 umol/mL with p value 0.013.We found the mean serum levels of malondialdehyde was higher in H. pylori positive gastritis than H. pylori negative.Conclusion: Serum Malondialdehyde level was significantly higher in patient with positive H.pylori gastritis compared to H. pylori negative gastritis

Looking beyond the exome: a phenotype-first approach to molecular diagnostic resolution in rare and undiagnosed diseases.

PurposeTo describe examples of missed pathogenic variants on whole-exome sequencing (WES) and the importance of deep phenotyping for further diagnostic testing.MethodsGuided by phenotypic information, three children with negative WES underwent targeted single-gene testing.ResultsIndividual 1 had a clinical diagnosis consistent with infantile systemic hyalinosis, although WES and a next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based ANTXR2 test were negative. Sanger sequencing of ANTXR2 revealed a homozygous single base pair insertion, previously missed by the WES variant caller software. Individual 2 had neurodevelopmental regression and cerebellar atrophy, with no diagnosis on WES. New clinical findings prompted Sanger sequencing and copy number testing of PLA2G6. A novel homozygous deletion of the noncoding exon 1 (not included in the WES capture kit) was detected, with extension into the promoter, confirming the clinical suspicion of infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy. Individual 3 had progressive ataxia, spasticity, and magnetic resonance image changes of vanishing white matter leukoencephalopathy. An NGS leukodystrophy gene panel and WES showed a heterozygous pathogenic variant in EIF2B5; no deletions/duplications were detected. Sanger sequencing of EIF2B5 showed a frameshift indel, probably missed owing to failure of alignment.ConclusionThese cases illustrate potential pitfalls of WES/NGS testing and the importance of phenotype-guided molecular testing in yielding diagnoses

Evaluation of optic nerve development in preterm and term infants using handheld spectral-domain optical coherence tomography

To evaluate effects of prematurity on early optic nerve (ON) development and the usefulness of ON parameters as indicators of central nervous system (CNS) development and pathology. Prospective, cross-sectional, longitudinal study. Forty-four preterm infants undergoing retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening and 52 term infants. We analyzed ON from portable handheld spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) images (Bioptigen, Inc, Research Triangle Park, NC) of 44 preterm and 52 term infants. The highest-quality ON scan from either eye was selected for quantitative analysis. Longitudinal analysis was performed at 31-36 weeks and 37-42 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA). Preterm ON parameters also were assessed for correlation with indicators of cognitive, language, and motor development and CNS pathology. Vertical cup diameter (vCD), vertical disc diameter (vDD), vertical cup-to-disc ratio (vCDR), cup depth, and indicators of neurocognitive development and CNS pathology. At 37-42 weeks PMA, preterm infants had larger vCD and vCDR than term infants (908 vs. 700 μm [P<0.001] and 0.68 vs. 0.53 μm [P<0.001], respectively), whereas cup depth and vDD were not significantly different. Longitudinal changes (n = 26 preterm eyes; mean interval, 4.7 weeks) in vDD and in vCDR were an increase of 74 μm (P = 0.008) and decrease of 0.05 (P = 0.015), respectively. In preterm infants (n = 44), periventricular leukomalacia was associated with larger vCD (1084 vs. 828 μm; P = 0.005) and vCDR (0.85 vs. 0.63; P<0.001), posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus was associated with shallower cup (331 vs. 456 μm; P = 0.030), and clinical magnetic resonance imaging was associated with larger vCDR (0.73 vs. 0.64; P = 0.023). In 23 preterm infants with Bayley Scales of Infant Development scores, larger vCDR was associated with lower cognitive scores (P = 0.049). This is the first analysis of ON parameters in premature infants using SD-OCT. It demonstrated that by age of term birth, vCD and vCDR are larger in preterm infants who were screened for ROP than in term infants. In this prospective pilot study, ON parameters in these preterm infants associate weakly with CNS pathology and future cognitive development. Future prospective studies with larger numbers are necessary before further conclusions can be made

Looking beyond the exome: a phenotype-first approach to molecular diagnostic resolution in rare and undiagnosed diseases.

PurposeTo describe examples of missed pathogenic variants on whole-exome sequencing (WES) and the importance of deep phenotyping for further diagnostic testing.MethodsGuided by phenotypic information, three children with negative WES underwent targeted single-gene testing.ResultsIndividual 1 had a clinical diagnosis consistent with infantile systemic hyalinosis, although WES and a next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based ANTXR2 test were negative. Sanger sequencing of ANTXR2 revealed a homozygous single base pair insertion, previously missed by the WES variant caller software. Individual 2 had neurodevelopmental regression and cerebellar atrophy, with no diagnosis on WES. New clinical findings prompted Sanger sequencing and copy number testing of PLA2G6. A novel homozygous deletion of the noncoding exon 1 (not included in the WES capture kit) was detected, with extension into the promoter, confirming the clinical suspicion of infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy. Individual 3 had progressive ataxia, spasticity, and magnetic resonance image changes of vanishing white matter leukoencephalopathy. An NGS leukodystrophy gene panel and WES showed a heterozygous pathogenic variant in EIF2B5; no deletions/duplications were detected. Sanger sequencing of EIF2B5 showed a frameshift indel, probably missed owing to failure of alignment.ConclusionThese cases illustrate potential pitfalls of WES/NGS testing and the importance of phenotype-guided molecular testing in yielding diagnoses

Thinner Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer in Very Preterm Versus Term Infants and Relationship to Brain Anatomy and Neurodevelopment

PURPOSE: To assess retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness at term-equivalent age in very preterm (<32 weeks gestational age) versus term-born infant cohorts, and compare very preterm infant RNFL thickness with brain anatomy and neurodevelopment. DESIGN: Cohort study. METHODS: RNFL was semi-automatically segmented (one eye per infant) in 57 very preterm and 50 term infants with adequate images from bedside portable, handheld spectral domain optical coherence tomography (Bioptigen, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC) imaging at 37-42 weeks postmenstrual age. Mean RNFL thickness was calculated for the papillomacular bundle (−15° to + 15°) and temporal quadrant (−45° to +45°) relative to the fovea-optic nerve axis. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans clinically obtained in 26 very preterm infants were scored for global structural abnormalities by an expert masked to data except for age. Cognitive, language, and motor skills were assessed with Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-III (Pearson, San Antonio, TX) in 33 of the very preterm infants at 18-24 months corrected age. RESULTS: RNFL was thinner for very preterm versus term infants at the papillomacular bundle ([mean ± standard deviation] 61 ± 17 versus 72 ± 13 μm, p<0.001) and temporal quadrant (72 ± 21 versus 82 ± 16 μm, p=0.005). In very preterm infants, thinner papillomacular bundle RNFL correlated with higher global brain MRI lesion burden index (R(2)=0.35, p=0.001) and lower cognitive (R(2)=0.18, p=0.01) and motor (R(2)=0.17, p=0.02) scores. Relationships were similar for temporal quadrant. CONCLUSIONS: Thinner RNFL in very preterm infants relative to term-born infants may relate to brain structure and neurodevelopment

Biallelic variants in ribonuclease inhibitor (RNH1), an inflammasome modulator, are associated with a distinctive subtype of acute, necrotizing encephalopathy

Mendelian etiologies for acute encephalopathies in previously healthy children are poorly understood, with the exception of RAN binding protein 2 (RANBP2)–associated acute necrotizing encephalopathy subtype 1 (ANE1). We provide clinical, genetic, and neuroradiological evidence that biallelic variants in ribonuclease inhibitor (RNH1) confer susceptibility to a distinctive ANE subtype. This study aimed to evaluate clinical data, neuroradiological studies, genomic sequencing, and protein immunoblotting results in 8 children from 4 families who experienced acute febrile encephalopathy. All 8 healthy children became acutely encephalopathic during a viral/febrile illness and received a variety of immune modulation treatments. Long-term outcomes varied from death to severe neurologic deficits to normal outcomes. The neuroradiological findings overlapped with ANE but had distinguishing features. All affected children had biallelic predicted damaging variants in RNH1: a subset that was studied had undetectable RNH1 protein. Incomplete penetrance of the RNH1 variants was evident in 1 family. Biallelic variants in RNH1 confer susceptibility to a subtype of ANE (ANE2) in previously healthy children. Intensive immunological treatments may alter outcomes. Genomic sequencing in children with unexplained acute febrile encephalopathy can detect underlying genetic etiologies, such as RNH1, and improve outcomes in the probands and at-risk siblings