Surface tensions of some binary fused salt systems

The surface tensions of eight pure fused salts---NaNO3, KNO3, AgNO3, LiCl, NaCl, PbCl2, and ZnCl 2---and nine binary mixtures---NaNO3-KNO3, AgNO3-NaNO3, AgNO3-KNO3, NaCl-KCl, PbCl2-LiCl, PbCl2-NaCl, PbCl2-KCl, PbCl 2-RbCl, and PbCl2-CsCl---were measured by the maximum bubble pressure method. Surface tension showed essentially linear variation with temperature in all cases. As would be expected, large differences were found between the surface tensions of the pure fused salts. The higher surface tension of molten AgNO3 compared to NaKO3 was explained in terms of differences in the polarizability of the metal ions in the melts. The low surface tension of ZnCl2 was assumed to result from extensive association in this melt;The surface tension isotherms of the systems NaNO3-KNO 3 and NaCl-KCl were found to exhibit small negative deviations from ideality. The greater negative deviations from ideality which were found in the systems AgNO3-NaNO3 and AgNO3-KNO 3 were attributed to polarizability differences between the metal ions. The limited data suggested that in binary mixtures of fused salts with a common anion, the deviations of the surface tension isotherms from ideality increase as the differences between the sizes of the replacing cations increase;Actual minima were observed In the surface tension isotherms of the systems PbCl2-KCl, PbCl2-RbCl, and PbCl2-CsCl; no minima were observed in the systems PbCl2-LiCl and PbCl2-NaCl. These minima were attributed to the presence of complex ions or other surface active aggregates in these melts. Other physical measurements strongly support the existence of complex ions, very likely anionic complexes of lead, in the system PbCl2-KCl;The trend in the character of the PbCl2-alkali metal chloride surface tension isotherms was shown to be in accord with the fact that any anionic complexes in these melts would be more stable in the presence of large cations with low polarizing power than in the presence of small ions with large polarizing power;Further evidence for complexing in the PbCl2-alkali metal chloride melts was the presence of a yellow color in those melts whose surface tension isotherms exhibited minima; no yellow color was observed in the PbCl 2-LiCl and PbCl2-NaCl systems. This yellow color which persisted in the solid state at high temperatures was found to increase in intensity with increase to the size of the alkali metal ion;It was pointed out that there is no reason to assume that the complexing in those melts consists only of discrete ions. It was proposed that there are also local aggregations of ions whose structures resemble the structure of the solid state

Surface tensions of some binary fused salt systems

The surface tensions of eight pure fused salts and nine binary mixtures were measured by the maximum bubble pressure method. Surface tension showed essentially linear variation with temperature in all cases

Danish study of Non-Invasive Testing in Coronary Artery Disease 3 (Dan-NICAD 3):study design of a controlled study on optimal diagnostic strategy

Introduction Current guideline recommend functional imaging for myocardial ischaemia if coronary CT angiography (CTA) has shown coronary artery disease (CAD) of uncertain functional significance. However, diagnostic accuracy of selective myocardial perfusion imaging after coronary CTA is currently unclear. The Danish study of Non-Invasive testing in Coronary Artery Disease 3 trial is designed to evaluate head to head the diagnostic accuracy of myocardial perfusion imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) using the tracers 82Rubidium (82Rb-PET) compared with oxygen-15 labelled water PET (15O-water-PET) in patients with symptoms of obstructive CAD and a coronary CT scan with suspected obstructive CAD.Methods and analysis This prospective, multicentre, cross-sectional study will include approximately 1000 symptomatic patients without previous CAD. Patients are included after referral to coronary CTA. All patients undergo a structured interview and blood is sampled for genetic and proteomic analysis and a coronary CTA. Patients with possible obstructive CAD at coronary CTA are examined with both 82Rb-PET, 15O-water-PET and invasive coronary angiography with three-vessel fractional flow reserve and thermodilution measurements of coronary flow reserve. After enrolment, patients are followed with Seattle Angina Questionnaires and follow-up PET scans in patients with an initially abnormal PET scan and for cardiovascular events in 10 years.Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval was obtained from Danish regional committee on health research ethics. Written informed consent will be provided by all study participants. Results of this study will be disseminated via articles in international peer-reviewed journal.Trial registration number NCT04707859

Premature ovarian failure and ovarian autoimmunity

Premature ovarian failure (POF) is defined as a syndrome characterized by menopause before the age of 40 yr. The patients suffer from anovulation and hypoestrogenism. Approximately 1% of women will experience menopause before the age of 40 yr. POF is a heterogeneous disorder with a multicausal pathogenesis involving chromosomal, genetic, enzymatic, infectious, and iatrogenic causes. There remains, however, a group of POF patients without a known etiology, the so-called "idiopathic" form. An autoimmune etiology is hypothesized for the POF cases with a concomitant Addison's disease and/or oophoritis. It is concluded in this review that POF in association with adrenal autoimmunity and/or Addison's disease (2-10% of the idiopathic POF patients) is indeed an autoimmune disease. The following evidence warrants this view: 1) The presence of autoantibodies to steroid-producing cells in these patients; 2) The characterization of shared autoantigens between adrenal and ovarian steroid-producing cells; 3) The histological picture of the ovaries of such cases (lymphoplasmacellular infiltrate around steroid-producing cells); 4) The existence of various autoimmune animal models for this syndrome, which underlines the autoimmune nature of the disease. There is some circumstantial evidence for an autoimmune pathogenesis in idiopathic POF patients in the absence of adrenal autoimmunity or Addison's disease. Arguments in support of this are: 1) The presence of cellular immune abnormalities in this POF patient group reminiscent of endocrine autoimmune diseases such as IDDM, Graves' disease, and Addison's disease; 2) The more than normal association with IDDM and myasthenia gravis. Data on the presence of various ovarian autoantibodies and anti-receptor antibodies in these patients are, however, inconclusive and need further evaluation. A strong argument against an autoimmune pathogenesis of POF in these patients is the nearly absent histological confirmation (the presence of an oophoritis) in these cases (< 3%). However, in animal models using ZP immunization, similar follicular depletion and fibrosis (as in the POF women) can be detected. Accepting the concept that POF is a heterogenous disorder in which some of the idiopathic forms are based on an abnormal self-recognition by th

The Changing Landscape for Stroke\ua0Prevention in AF: Findings From the GLORIA-AF Registry Phase 2

Background GLORIA-AF (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation) is a prospective, global registry program describing antithrombotic treatment patterns in patients with newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation at risk of stroke. Phase 2 began when dabigatran, the first non\u2013vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOAC), became available. Objectives This study sought to describe phase 2 baseline data and compare these with the pre-NOAC era collected during phase&nbsp;1. Methods During phase 2, 15,641 consenting patients were enrolled (November 2011 to December 2014); 15,092 were eligible. This pre-specified cross-sectional analysis describes eligible patients\u2019 baseline characteristics. Atrial fibrillation&nbsp;disease characteristics, medical outcomes, and concomitant diseases and medications were collected. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results Of the total patients, 45.5% were female; median age was 71 (interquartile range: 64, 78) years. Patients were from Europe (47.1%), North America (22.5%), Asia (20.3%), Latin America (6.0%), and the Middle East/Africa (4.0%). Most had high stroke risk (CHA2DS2-VASc [Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age&nbsp; 6575 years, Diabetes mellitus, previous Stroke, Vascular disease, Age 65 to 74 years, Sex category] score&nbsp; 652; 86.1%); 13.9% had moderate risk (CHA2DS2-VASc&nbsp;= 1). Overall, 79.9% received oral anticoagulants, of whom 47.6% received NOAC and 32.3% vitamin K antagonists (VKA); 12.1% received antiplatelet agents; 7.8% received no antithrombotic treatment. For comparison, the proportion of phase 1 patients (of N&nbsp;= 1,063 all eligible) prescribed VKA was 32.8%, acetylsalicylic acid 41.7%, and no therapy 20.2%. In Europe in phase 2, treatment with NOAC was more common than VKA (52.3% and 37.8%, respectively); 6.0% of patients received antiplatelet treatment; and 3.8% received no antithrombotic treatment. In North America, 52.1%, 26.2%, and 14.0% of patients received NOAC, VKA, and antiplatelet drugs, respectively; 7.5% received no antithrombotic treatment. NOAC use was less common in Asia (27.7%), where 27.5% of patients received VKA, 25.0% antiplatelet drugs, and 19.8% no antithrombotic treatment. Conclusions The baseline data from GLORIA-AF phase 2 demonstrate that in newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients, NOAC have been highly adopted into practice, becoming more frequently prescribed than VKA in&nbsp;Europe and North America. Worldwide, however, a large proportion of patients remain undertreated, particularly in&nbsp;Asia&nbsp;and North America. (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation [GLORIA-AF]; NCT01468701

Farms with Cult Buildings in Pre-Christian Scandinavia

The aim of this thesis is to consider a selection of recently excavated Viking Age farms and cult sites, Norse texts, and textual motifs related to pre-Christian cult buildings in the Viking Age, and to undertake a re-evaluation of some Norse texts as sources to pre-Christian religion on a comparative basis which combines philological source criticism with recent advances in archaeology. My hypothesis is that the archaeological advances of recent decades lend support to descriptions in the written sources which scholars from the 1960’s onwards have generally assumed to be unreliable

Surface tensions of some binary fused salt systems

The surface tensions of eight pure fused salts---NaNO3, KNO3, AgNO3, LiCl, NaCl, PbCl2, and ZnCl 2---and nine binary mixtures---NaNO3-KNO3, AgNO3-NaNO3, AgNO3-KNO3, NaCl-KCl, PbCl2-LiCl, PbCl2-NaCl, PbCl2-KCl, PbCl 2-RbCl, and PbCl2-CsCl---were measured by the maximum bubble pressure method. Surface tension showed essentially linear variation with temperature in all cases. As would be expected, large differences were found between the surface tensions of the pure fused salts. The higher surface tension of molten AgNO3 compared to NaKO3 was explained in terms of differences in the polarizability of the metal ions in the melts. The low surface tension of ZnCl2 was assumed to result from extensive association in this melt;The surface tension isotherms of the systems NaNO3-KNO 3 and NaCl-KCl were found to exhibit small negative deviations from ideality. The greater negative deviations from ideality which were found in the systems AgNO3-NaNO3 and AgNO3-KNO 3 were attributed to polarizability differences between the metal ions. The limited data suggested that in binary mixtures of fused salts with a common anion, the deviations of the surface tension isotherms from ideality increase as the differences between the sizes of the replacing cations increase;Actual minima were observed In the surface tension isotherms of the systems PbCl2-KCl, PbCl2-RbCl, and PbCl2-CsCl; no minima were observed in the systems PbCl2-LiCl and PbCl2-NaCl. These minima were attributed to the presence of complex ions or other surface active aggregates in these melts. Other physical measurements strongly support the existence of complex ions, very likely anionic complexes of lead, in the system PbCl2-KCl;The trend in the character of the PbCl2-alkali metal chloride surface tension isotherms was shown to be in accord with the fact that any anionic complexes in these melts would be more stable in the presence of large cations with low polarizing power than in the presence of small ions with large polarizing power;Further evidence for complexing in the PbCl2-alkali metal chloride melts was the presence of a yellow color in those melts whose surface tension isotherms exhibited minima; no yellow color was observed in the PbCl 2-LiCl and PbCl2-NaCl systems. This yellow color which persisted in the solid state at high temperatures was found to increase in intensity with increase to the size of the alkali metal ion;It was pointed out that there is no reason to assume that the complexing in those melts consists only of discrete ions. It was proposed that there are also local aggregations of ions whose structures resemble the structure of the solid state.</p

Surface tensions of some binary fused salt systems

The surface tensions of eight pure fused salts and nine binary mixtures were measured by the maximum bubble pressure method. Surface tension showed essentially linear variation with temperature in all cases.</p