Fundamentals of micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC)

Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) is a useful branch of capillary electrophoresis (CE) that utilizes surfactant above critical micelle concentration (CMC) as pseudo-stationary phase. MEKC can be employed to separate both charged and neutral molecules, individually or simultaneously, including chiral compounds. MECK benefits from high peak efficiency due to electroosmotic flow (EOF) in the separation capillary, compounded with large variety of synthetic surfactants, organic modifiers, temperature and variable separation voltage has made MECK the method of choice for separation scientists. In this review, we present the introduction of CE, fundamentals of surfactant chemistry as it relates to MEKC, separation principles in MECK including equations involved in calculating separation parameters (capacity factor, resolution etc.)

O surgimento e a eficácia dos direitos fundamentais

O direito fundamental é um direito perseguido ao longo dos séculos, nascido de uma marcada por lutas, sacrifícios e vitórias, firmando-se como direitos humanos, fundamentais e os direitos sociais. Para compreender a teoria dos direitos fundamentais, faz-se uma análise histórica evolutiva, vistando as cartas inglesas, as declarações francesas e americanas. Momentos destacados historicamente firmam-se como direito de liberdade, conquistando força e legitimidade. Nascem dos direitos fundamentais, atributos dos direitos naturais, sagrados e inalienáveis, intrínsecos e próprios das sociedades democráticas. Surgem os direitos nas suas quatro gerações e as Constituições na sociedade moderna que garantem os novos direitos conquistados, desde o direito à liberdade ao direito à democracia e pluralismo

O fornecimento gratuito de medicamentos pelo Estado: um estudo do direito fundamental à saúde, pela análise da ação civil pública que pleiteia análogos de insulina x ações individuais

Frente à possibilidade de se formular e executar políticas públicas de saúde, a CRFB/88 atribuiu competência comum à União, Estados e Municípios. A presente pesquisa justifica-se pela crescente demanda judicial para fornecimento de medicamentos pelo Estado. Tem como objetivo geral o estudo do direito fundamental à saúde pela análise do indeferimento do pedido dos Análogos de Insulina (Glargina e Humalog) em Ação Civil Pública, promovida pelo Ministério Público Federal de Criciúma junto à Justiça Federal de Criciúma no ano de 2010, frente ao deferimento do mesmo pedido promovido em ações individuais por advogados ou pelo próprio Ministério Público Federal. O resultado final da pesquisa demonstra incoerência nas decisões. Para tanto, utilizou-se o método indutivo com aplicação da pesquisa de campo qualitativa, além de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental-legal

Decision level ensemble method for classifying multi-media data

In the digital era, the data, for a given analytical task, can be collected in different formats, such as text, images and audio etc. The data with multiple formats are called multimedia data. Integrating and fusing multimedia datasets has become a challenging task in machine learning and data mining. In this paper, we present heterogeneous ensemble method that combines multi-media datasets at the decision level. Our method consists of several components, including extracting the features from multimedia datasets that are not represented by features, modelling independently on each of multimedia datasets, selecting models based on their accuracy and diversity and building the ensemble at the decision level. Hence our method is called decision level ensemble method (DLEM). The method is tested on multimedia data and compared with other heterogeneous ensemble based methods. The results show that the DLEM outperformed these methods significantly

Laser Heating Tunability by Off-Resonant Irradiation of Gold Nanoparticles

"This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Hormeño, Silvia, Paula Gregorio-Godoy, Jorge Pérez-Juste, Luis M. Liz-Marzán, Beatriz H. Juárez, and J. Ricardo Arias-Gonzalez. 2013. Laser Heating Tunability by Off-Resonant Irradiation of Gold Nanoparticles. Small 10 (2). Wiley: 376 84. doi:10.1002/smll.201301912, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201301912. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving."[EN] Temperature changes in the vicinity of a single absorptive nanostructure caused by local heating have strong implications in technologies such as integrated electronics or biomedicine. Herein, the temperature changes in the vicinity of a single optically trapped spherical Au nanoparticle encapsulated in a thermo¿responsive poly(N¿isopropylacrylamide) shell (Au@pNIPAM) are studied in detail. Individual beads are trapped in a counter¿propagating optical tweezers setup at various laser powers, which allows the overall particle size to be tuned through the phase transition of the thermo¿responsive shell. The experimentally obtained sizes measured at different irradiation powers are compared with average size values obtained by dynamic light scattering (DLS) from an ensemble of beads at different temperatures. The size range and the tendency to shrink upon increasing the laser power in the optical trap or by increasing the temperature for DLS agree with reasonable accuracy for both approaches. Discrepancies are evaluated by means of simple models accounting for variations in the thermal conductivity of the polymer, the viscosity of the aqueous solution and the absorption cross section of the coated Au nanoparticle. These results show that these parameters must be taken into account when considering local laser heating experiments in aqueous solution at the nanoscale. Analysis of the stability of the Au@pNIPAM particles in the trap is also theoretically carried out for different particle sizes.This work has been partially supported by Comunidad de Madrid through NANOBIOMAGNET S2009-MAT-1726 and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through RYC-2007-01709, RYC-2007-01765 and MAT-2009-13488. P. G-G. acknowledges a Research Initiation Grant at IMDEA Nanociencia. The authors thank Dr. Reinhold Wannemacher for fruitful discussions.Hormeño, S.; Gregorio-Godoy, P.; Pérez-Juste, J.; Liz-Marzán, L.; Juárez, B.; Arias-Gonzalez, JR. (2014). Laser Heating Tunability by Off-Resonant Irradiation of Gold Nanoparticles. Small. 10(2):376-384. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201301912S376384102Huang, X., Jain, P. K., El-Sayed, I. H., & El-Sayed, M. A. (2007). Gold nanoparticles: interesting optical properties and recent applications in cancer diagnostics and therapy. Nanomedicine, 2(5), 681-693. doi:10.2217/17435889.2.5.681Pitsillides, C. M., Joe, E. 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Local temperature measurement in the vicinity of electromagnetically heated magnetite and gold nanoparticles. Journal of Applied Physics, 108(6), 064901. doi:10.1063/1.3485601Maestro, L. M., Haro-González, P., Coello, J. G., & Jaque, D. (2012). Absorption efficiency of gold nanorods determined by quantum dot fluorescence thermometry. Applied Physics Letters, 100(20), 201110. doi:10.1063/1.4718605Jones, C. D., & Lyon, L. A. (2000). Synthesis and Characterization of Multiresponsive Core−Shell Microgels. Macromolecules, 33(22), 8301-8306. doi:10.1021/ma001398mDas, M., Sanson, N., Fava, D., & Kumacheva, E. (2007). Microgels Loaded with Gold Nanorods:  Photothermally Triggered Volume Transitions under Physiological Conditions†. Langmuir, 23(1), 196-201. doi:10.1021/la061596sKarg, M., Pastoriza-Santos, I., Pérez-Juste, J., Hellweg, T., & Liz-Marzán, L. M. (2007). Nanorod-Coated PNIPAM Microgels: Thermoresponsive Optical Properties. 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Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990–2017 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background Health system planning requires careful assessment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) epidemiology, but data for morbidity and mortality of this disease are scarce or non-existent in many countries. We estimated the global, regional, and national burden of CKD, as well as the burden of cardiovascular disease and gout attributable to impaired kidney function, for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017. We use the term CKD to refer to the morbidity and mortality that can be directly attributed to all stages of CKD, and we use the term impaired kidney function to refer to the additional risk of CKD from cardiovascular disease and gout. Methods The main data sources we used were published literature, vital registration systems, end-stage kidney disease registries, and household surveys. Estimates of CKD burden were produced using a Cause of Death Ensemble model and a Bayesian meta-regression analytical tool, and included incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, mortality, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). A comparative risk assessment approach was used to estimate the proportion of cardiovascular diseases and gout burden attributable to impaired kidney function. Findings Globally, in 2017, 1·2 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 1·2 to 1·3) people died from CKD. The global all-age mortality rate from CKD increased 41·5% (95% UI 35·2 to 46·5) between 1990 and 2017, although there was no significant change in the age-standardised mortality rate (2·8%, −1·5 to 6·3). In 2017, 697·5 million (95% UI 649·2 to 752·0) cases of all-stage CKD were recorded, for a global prevalence of 9·1% (8·5 to 9·8). The global all-age prevalence of CKD increased 29·3% (95% UI 26·4 to 32·6) since 1990, whereas the age-standardised prevalence remained stable (1·2%, −1·1 to 3·5). CKD resulted in 35·8 million (95% UI 33·7 to 38·0) DALYs in 2017, with diabetic nephropathy accounting for almost a third of DALYs. Most of the burden of CKD was concentrated in the three lowest quintiles of Socio-demographic Index (SDI). In several regions, particularly Oceania, sub-Saharan Africa, and Latin America, the burden of CKD was much higher than expected for the level of development, whereas the disease burden in western, eastern, and central sub-Saharan Africa, east Asia, south Asia, central and eastern Europe, Australasia, and western Europe was lower than expected. 1·4 million (95% UI 1·2 to 1·6) cardiovascular disease-related deaths and 25·3 million (22·2 to 28·9) cardiovascular disease DALYs were attributable to impaired kidney function. Interpretation Kidney disease has a major effect on global health, both as a direct cause of global morbidity and mortality and as an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. CKD is largely preventable and treatable and deserves greater attention in global health policy decision making, particularly in locations with low and middle SDI

European propolis is highly active against trypanosomatids including Crithidia fasciculata.

Extracts of 35 samples of European propolis were tested against wild type and resistant strains of the protozoal pathogens Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma congolense and Leishmania mexicana. The extracts were also tested against Crithidia fasciculata a close relative of Crithidia mellificae, a parasite of bees. Crithidia, Trypanosoma and Leishmania are all members of the order Kinetoplastida. High levels of activity were obtained for all the samples with the levels of activity varying across the sample set. The highest levels of activity were found against L. mexicana. The propolis samples were profiled by using liquid chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and principal components analysis (PCA) of the data obtained indicated there was a wide variation in the composition of the propolis samples. Orthogonal partial least squares (OPLS) associated a butyrate ester of pinobanksin with high activity against T. brucei whereas in the case of T. congolense high activity was associated with methyl ethers of chrysin and pinobanksin. In the case of C. fasciculata highest activity was associated with methyl ethers of galangin and pinobanksin. OPLS modelling of the activities against L. mexicana using the mass spectrometry produced a less successful model suggesting a wider range of active components

Nicotine in floral nectar pharmacologically influences bumblebee learning of floral features

D.B. was supported by a Marie Curie Intra European Fellowship. L.C. is supported by an ERC Advanced Grant and a Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award