Âncora cambial, suas vantagens e desvantagens: o caso de São Tomé e Príncipe

Classificação JEL: E31, E63, F15.Este trabalho de investigação tem como objetivo analisar as vantagens e os diversos riscos inerentes a adoção de uma âncora cambial para S. Tomé e Príncipe, tomando-se como referência o exemplo de Cabo - Verde que tem sido um caso de sucesso há mais de dez anos. Procurou-se determinar os impatos macroeconómicos do regime retirando os principais elementos que constituem o sucesso de Cabo-Verde nesta matéria. Os resultados revelaram que embora os três anos de experiência da âncora seja um período relativamente curto para avaliar os efeitos a longo prazo, o caso de STP mais se aproxima de um caso de sucesso, do que, de um possível colapso cambial. Através de uma análise empírica e descritiva, observou-se o comportamento das variáveis económicas em relação as actividades económicas intra-regional, de acordo com os argumentos teóricos da Área Monetária Ótima, constatou-se que a capacidade de resistência a choques exógenos continua bastante limitada, fator que coloca STP como uma Área Monetária Incompleta. Seguiu-se a análise do grau de resiliência da economia em relação aos principais fundamentos das crises cambiais e as análises indicam que a evolução dos agregados monetários e a variação do crédito doméstico não destacam potenciais riscos destas causarem um desiquilíbrio a estabilidade de preços. Contudo, os resultados obtidos apontam para algumas fragilidades no sistema financeiro, decorrentes do risco do crédito e do risco de gaps de liquidez, sugerindo que o estudo para a devida mensuração destes riscos deva ser aprofundado.The present research aims to analyze the advantages and the various risks inherent to the adoption of a fixed exchange rate regime for São Tomé and Príncipe with reference to Cape Verde as the case study of success for over ten years. It was assessed the macroeconomic impacts of the exchange rate regime considering the main elements that makes the Cape Verde’s case successful on that regard. The results has showed that although the three years since the adoption of the peg regime with euro is a relatively short time series to assess long-term effects, the case study for STP’s exchange rate regime sugests a successful case vis a vis price stabilization and peg credibility rather than a break of the peg. Through an empirical and descriptive analysis, we have observed the behavior of economic variables with regard to intra-regional economic activities according to the arguments of the Theory of Optimal Currency Area, and the result suggests a very limited resilience of STP economy to exogenous shocks, a fact that puts the country in a position of Incomplete Currency Area. Followed by the analysis of the degree of resilience of the economy with regard to the main fundamentals of currency crises, the findings has appointed that the performance of monetary aggregates and the changes in domestic credit not highlight potential risks of these can cause an imbalance to price stability and undermine the exchange rate regime. The results has however appointed to some weaknesses in the financial system arising from the credit risk and liquidity risk gaps, suggesting that the presente research on STP Exchange rate regime should be deepened for proper and more accurate measurement of these risks

VIVÊNCIAS NO ESTÁGIO SUPERVISIONADO EM SETOR CLÍNICO DE ENDOSCOPIA E COLONOSCOPIA – RELATO DE EXPERIÊNCIA.

Introduction: The study of upper digestive endoscopy (EDA) and colonoscopy are exams that have improved with advances in global technologies. They serve as a basis for diagnosing basic diseases of the digestive system, with high prevalence and mortality in the world. The non-mandatory internship chosen in this area of knowledge aims to learn and develop clinical skills with the aim of improving the medical academic curriculum and exposing the activity as an experience report to the scientific community. Method: descriptive, longitudinal study, carried out in the first half of 2023 in a private clinic in Belém do Pará, where the intern presents its advantages and difficulties when carrying out the procedure. Results: the confluence between the curriculum and practical internship activities proved to be productive, in accordance with the objectives of the study and a new clinical experience for the academic. Conclusion: the active methodology of the medical course was passed on to the scientific community, where placing students in direct contact with care in an uncontrolled environment is essential to their training.  Introdução: O estudo da endoscopia digestiva alta (EDA) e colonoscopia, são exames que se aprimoraram com os avanços das tecnologias mundiais. Servem de base ao diagnóstico de doenças bases do sistema digestório, de alta prevalência e mortalidade no mundo. O estágio não obrigatório escolhido nesta área do conhecimento visa aprender e desenvolver habilidades clínicas com o intuito melhor o currículo acadêmico médico e expor a atividade como relato de experiência a comunidade científica. Método: estudo descritivo, longitudinal, realizado no primeiro semestre de 2023 em uma clínica particular em Belém do Pará, onde o estagiário apresenta suas vantagens e dificuldades ao realiza-lo. Resultados: a confluência entre grade curricular e atividades prática em estágio mostraram-se produtiva, de acordo com os objetivos do estudo e uma nova experiência clínica ao acadêmico. Conclusão: repassado a comunidade científica a metodologia ativa do curso de medicina onde colocar os alunos em contato direto com o atendimento em um ambiente não controlado é essencial a sua formação.   &nbsp

Reféns da memória: a tentativa de construção da identidade através do apagamento da memória

The aim of this study is to investigate the literary text of two African contemporary authors: the novel O Vendedor de passados (2004), of the Angolan writer José Eduardo Agualusa and Antes de nascer o mundo (2009), of the Mozambican writer Mia Couto. Both novels develop narratives during the post-independence period and intent to observe the process of identity formation in this context. Therefore, we will concentrate how the characters Félix Ventura, of O Vendedor de passados and Silvestre Vitalício, of Antes de nascer o mundo, attempt to create a new identity through the memory extinguishment/oblivion. The strategy adopts for the characters they reflect the current moment what these countries face of total disregard with the historical memory, opting for the oblivion instead of confronting the traumas of the past, revealing, in this way, the present criticism in the works. However, this attempt of recommencing a life without past makes impossible, seeing that the memories always bring back.Besides, it is realized that the historical past makes part of the construction of the identity, in this way the authors use the history metafictionalization like resource to recount the history of his countries, making possible that these are not forgotten. Also, observe how the place, the home contributes in the formation of the identity and of the feeling of belonging to the space that the characters occupy, not only, in the physical aspect, but, especially, emotionally. This work tries to show how the literature produced by Angola and Mozambique, in this post-colonial context, plays the part of tool in the construction of the nation and since the authors intend in this process of construction of a sovereign nation.Este estudo tem por objetivo investigar o texto literário de dois escritores africanos contemporâneos: o romance O vendedor de passados (2004), de José Eduardo Agualusa e Antes de nascer o mundo (2009), do escritor moçambicano Mia Couto. Ambos os romances desenvolvem narrativas durante o período pós-independência e pretende-se observar o processo de formação da identidade neste contexto. Para isso focaremos como as personagens Félix Ventura d‟O vendedor de passados e Silvestre Vitalício, d‟Antes de nascer o mundo, intentam criar novas identidades através do apagamento/ esquecimento da memória. A estratégia adota pelas personagens refletem o momento atual que estes países enfrentam de total descaso com a memória histórica, optando pelo esquecimento ao invés de enfrentar os traumas do passado, revelando, dessa maneira, a crítica presente nas obras. No entanto, esta tentativa de recomeçar uma vida livre do passado torna-se impossível, visto que as memórias sempre retornam. Além disso, percebe-se que o passado histórico faz parte da construção da identidade, desta forma os autores utilizam a metaficcionalização da história como recurso para recontar a história de seus países, possibilitando que estas não sejam esquecidas. Observa-se, também, como o lugar, o home contribui na formação da identidade e do sentimento de pertencimento ao espaço que as personagens ocupam, não apenas no aspecto físico, mas, sobretudo, emocionalmente. Este trabalho tenta mostrar como a literatura produzida por Angola e Moçambique, nesse contexto pós-colonial, exerce o papel de ferramenta na construção da nação e como os autores se propõem neste processo de construção de uma nação soberana.CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superio

Literatura e história em “A noite em que prenderam o Pai Natal”

The objective of this text is to examine the recent history of Angola is present in the tale A noite em que prenderam o Pai Natal (1999), of José Eduardo Agualusa, at a time when the national literature is used also as a tool in the formation of a critical conscience and as a means of national conduct a historical revisionism from the perspective of the colonized.O objetivo deste texto é analisar como a história recente de Angola se faz presente no conto “A noite em que prenderam o Pai Natal” (1999), de José Eduardo Agualusa, num momento em que a literatura nacional é utilizada também como instrumento na formação de uma consciência crítica nacional e como meio de realizar um revisionismo histórico pela perspectiva dos colonizados

O que é que estamos a fazer aqui? A relação com o lugar para os “Retornados”

This study aims to analyze the literary production of "returned writers". The term returned writers those and/or belonged to the Portuguese-speaking colonies in Africa who were forced, with the Carnation Revolution and the end of the colonial period, returning to Portugal. These writers after years of silencing feature their stories or stories about your point of view on the events. Among the works and authors selected as literary corpus, are autobiographical works Sabor de Maboque (2009), Dulce Braga and Caderno de Memórias Coloniais (2009), Isabella Figueiredo; and the fictional works Os Retornados, um amor nunca se esquece (2008), Julio Magalhães and O Retorno, of Dulce Maria Cardoso (2011). It is observed in the analysis of the works, the problems faced by the characters about the feeling of belonging, especially after the departure of the Portuguese colonies, in this case, Angola and Mozambique and the process of adaptation to new spaces in which docked, Portugal and Brazil. The perception while returned or not is confronted with the construction of the Place/home based on experiences that these characters have experienced. In this path of self-awareness of characters, traveled the roads of historical context in order to understand the historical movements that led to their departure from these countries; in a second moment, walk by the theories of historiography, the importance of historical facts listed on the works. This story is not just a backdrop to the develop of the narratives, but fundamental element for the works; going to places of memory, in this phase, the aim is to understand the role of memory as element that does re-present the experiences of characters; and finally, we come to a place of the Place, where we realize that a Place is a social construct, mediated by territorial factors which vary according to the movements of individuals in that territory or to other territories, in processes of deterritorialization and reterritorialization; and that of a space marked by social practices, the experiences of these individuals, their everyday resignifications that modify these spaces in places and the more intimate become these experiences these are transformed into homes. In this way, through the route through these paths, it is understandable how the characters build their places/homes after the tribulations of the return, as well as about half a million people who have returned to Portugal with the end of the period colonial.Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar a produção literária de “escritores retornados”. Entende-se por escritores retornados aqueles que estavam e/ ou pertenciam às colônias lusófonas em África e que foram obrigados, com a Revolução dos Cravos e o fim do período colonial, retornar a Portugal. Esses escritores, após anos de silenciamento, apresentam suas histórias ou histórias sobre o seu ponto de vista sobre os acontecimentos. Dentre as obras e os autores selecionados como corpus literários, estão as obras autobiográficas Sabor de Maboque (20091), de Dulce Braga, e Caderno de Memórias Coloniais (2009), de Isabela Figueiredo; e as obras ficcionais Os Retornados, um amor nunca se esquece (2008) e O retorno, de Dulce Maria Cardoso (2011). Observa-se, na leitura e análise das obras, os problemas enfrentados pelas personagens acerca do sentimento de pertencimento, principalmente, após a saída das colônias portuguesas, nesse caso, Angola e Moçambique, e o processo de adaptação aos novos espaços em que aportavam, Portugal e Brasil. A percepção enquanto retornados ou não se confronta com a construção do Lugar/ lar, baseado nas experiências que essas personagens experienciaram. Nessa trajetória de autoconhecimento das personagens, percorremos os caminhos do contexto histórico, com a finalidade de entender os movimentos históricos que levaram a saída delas desses países. Num segundo momento, trilhamos pelas teorias da historiografia, a importância dos fatos históricos mencionados na obra. Essa história não é apenas pano de fundo para o desenvolver das narrativas, mas elemento fundamental para as obras. Indo aos lugares da memória, nessa fase, busca-se compreender o papel da memória como elemento que faz re-presentificar as experiências das personagens. Por último, chegamos ao lugar do Lugar, onde percebemos que um Lugar é uma construção social, mediada por fatores territoriais que variam conforme os movimentos dos indivíduos nesse território ou para outros territórios, em processos de desterritorialização e reterritorialização. De um espaço marcado por práticas sociais, as experiências desses indivíduos, suas ressignificações cotidianas, modificam esses espaços em Lugares. Quanto mais íntimas tornam-se essas experiências esses são transformados em lares. Desse modo, através do percurso por esses caminhos, compreende-se como as personagens constroem seus Lugares/ lares depois de passarem pelas tribulações do retorno, assim como cerca de meio milhão de pessoas que retornaram para Portugal com o fim do período colonial

An annotated checklist of the vascular flora of Quiçama National Park, Angola

The Quiçama National Park (PNQ), located in Luanda Province, Angola, is one of the oldest protected areas in the country. Although some work has been done on the flora of the Park, up to now a comprehensive record of the vascular plant species has been lacking. The objective of the present study was to produce an inventory of the vascular plant diversity of PNQ, as well as to record the types of vegetation in which each species occurs, their habits, uses by local communities, common names, and conservation status. A total of 452 species were recorded, from 285 genera and 85 families. Two species are Pteridophytes, 99 are Monocotyledons, and 351 are Dicotyledons. The two largest families of the PNQ flora are the Fabaceae and the Poaceae. The Park hosts 14 species endemic to Angola, and one of them is restricted to this protected area. Of the 128 species with data on conservation status, 109 are considered of least concern, 13 are vulnerable, and six are endangered. Regarding useful plants, 237 species from 67 families were recorded. Of these, 196 are Dicotyledons and 41 are Monocotyledons. Most of them are used for medicinal purposes, the manufacturing of artefacts, and as sources of food.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Use of herbal remedies in the management of sleeping sickness in four northern provinces of Angola

Ethnopharmacological relevance: This study reports for the first time on the use of folk medicine to treat sleeping sickness and its symptoms in four endemic provinces in northern Angola. By interviewing both traditional practitioners and confirmed patients, it highlights reasons to recourse to folk medicine, the plant species used for this affection as well as arises awareness about the use of particular plants showing potential risks. Aim of the study: The aims of this explorative study were three-fold. Firstly, it informed on access to, and use of plant-based medicine as first-choice treatment by infected persons. Secondly, it aimed at collecting comprehensive data from patients and traditional healers on herbal remedies in order to identify plant species used in the management of the disease. Thirdly, it served as contribution for primary indication of potential risk of use associated with the studied plants and their preparation. Materials and methods: The study was conducted in 4 endemic provinces of Angola, namely Bengo, Zaire, Kwanza Norte and Uíge. We explored the use of herbal remedies by conducting structured and semi-structured interviews within two distinct study populations. The first group comprises 30 patients who had been diagnosed for trypanosomiasis and treated by the reference treatment. The second group included 9 traditional practitioners who had already treated sleeping sickness. The plants that were cited during the interviews were collected during field walks under supervision of a traditional healer, then authenticated and deposited at the National Herbarium in Luanda. Results: Of the 30 included patients, 12 (40%) had turned to folk medicine in the management of trypanosomiasis and related symptoms. 7 medicinal plants were reported by this group. Considering the key motivation to consult a traditional practitioner, two main factors accounted for half of the cases: "past experience with folk medicine" and "family habit". Out of 9 traditional practitioners' interviewees, 26 medicinal plants were cited. Roots and leaves were the most used plant parts, and decoction was the common mode of preparation. Evidence for antitrypanosomal activity in the scientific literature was found for 56% (17 of 30) of the identified plant species. The most cited plant was Crossopteryx febrifuga (UR = 6). Some of the cited plants, as for example Aristolochia gigantea, raised concern about potential toxicity. Conclusions: With 40% of infected persons having turned first to folk medicine before consulting a medical doctor, this explorative study points out that plant-based medicines play an important role in local dynamics of health care. It highlights the need for primary assessment of potential risk of use related to the herbal recipes, and for reporting it to the concerned population. This first ethnobotanical study on trypanosomiasis in endemic provinces of Angola provides information on 30 plants, of which some had been identified as promising for further pharmacological research. Our results provide a first step towards the validation and valorization of Angolan herbal remedies for sleeping sickness

Use of herbal remedies in the management of sleeping sickness in four northern provinces of Angola

Ethnopharmacological relevance: This study reports for the first time on the use of folk medicine to treat sleeping sickness and its symptoms in four endemic provinces in northern Angola. By interviewing both traditional practitioners and confirmed patients, it highlights reasons to recourse to folk medicine, the plant species used for this affection as well as arises awareness about the use of particular plants showing potential risks. Aim of the study: The aims of this explorative study were three-fold. Firstly, it informed on access to, and use of plant-based medicine as first-choice treatment by infected persons. Secondly, it aimed at collecting comprehensive data from patients and traditional healers on herbal remedies in order to identify plant species used in the management of the disease. Thirdly, it served as contribution for primary indication of potential risk of use associated with the studied plants and their preparation. Materials and methods: The study was conducted in 4 endemic provinces of Angola, namely Bengo, Zaire, Kwanza Norte and Uíge. We explored the use of herbal remedies by conducting structured and semi-structured interviews within two distinct study populations. The first group comprises 30 patients who had been diagnosed for trypanosomiasis and treated by the reference treatment. The second group included 9 traditional practitioners who had already treated sleeping sickness. The plants that were cited during the interviews were collected during field walks under supervision of a traditional healer, then authenticated and deposited at the National Herbarium in Luanda. Results: Of the 30 included patients, 12 (40%) had turned to folk medicine in the management of trypanosomiasis and related symptoms. 7 medicinal plants were reported by this group. Considering the key motivation to consult a traditional practitioner, two main factors accounted for half of the cases: “past experience with folk medicine” and “family habit”. Out of 9 traditional practitioners’ interviewees, 26 medicinal plants were cited. Roots and leaves were the most used plant parts, and decoction was the common mode of preparation. Evidence for antitrypanosomal activity in the scientific literature was found for 56% (17 of 30) of the identified plant species. The most cited plant was Crossopteryx febrifuga (UR = 6). Some of the cited plants, as for example Aristolochia gigantea, raised concern about potential toxicity. Conclusions: With 40% of infected persons having turned first to folk medicine before consulting a medical doctor, this explorative study points out that plant-based medicines play an important role in local dynamics of health care. It highlights the need for primary assessment of potential risk of use related to the herbal recipes, and for reporting it to the concerned population. This first ethnobotanical study on trypanosomiasis in endemic provinces of Angola provides information on 30 plants, of which some had been identified as promising for further pharmacological research. Our results provide a first step towards the validation and valorization of Angolan herbal remedies for sleeping sickness