A new species of Dilophochila Bates, 1888 with comments on natural history and distribution of the genus (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae: Rutelinae)

A new species, Dilophochila glabra sp. nov. is described from the Sierra Norte, Oaxaca, Mexico. Diagnosis and images (dorsal, lateral and ventral habitus, and genitalia) of the taxonomic characters are provided. Affinities with their closest congeners and the general distribution pattern of the genus are discussed, considering that it presents a typical Mountain Paleoamerican sub-pattern. The modifications in the mouthparts of this genus due to the specialization in the intake of pine needles are commented, as well as in two other different taxa within Anomalini

Facilitators for retaining men who have sex with men in pre-exposure prophylaxis care in real world clinic settings within the United States

BACKGROUND: Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) can significantly reduce HIV acquisition especially among communities with high HIV prevalence, including men who have sex with men (MSM). Much research has been finding suboptimal PrEP persistence; however, few studies examine factors that enhance PrEP persistence in real-world settings. METHODS: We interviewed 33 patients who identified as MSM at three different PrEP clinics in three regions of the U.S. (Northeast, South, Midwest). Participants were eligible if they took PrEP and had been retained in care for a minimum of 6 months. Interviews explored social, structural, clinic-level and behavioral factors that influencing PrEP persistence. RESULTS: Through thematic analysis we identified the following factors as promoting PrEP persistence: (1) navigation to reduce out-of-pocket costs of PrEP (structural), (2) social norms that support PrEP use (social), (3) access to LGBTQ + affirming medical providers (clinical), (4) medication as part of a daily routine (behavioral), and (5) facilitation of sexual health agency (belief). DISCUSSION: In this sample, persistence in PrEP care was associated with structural and social supports as well as a high level of perceived internal control over protecting their health by taking PrEP. Patients might benefit from increased access, LGBTQ + affirming medical providers, and communications that emphasize PrEP can promote sexual health

Perspectives on long-acting formulations of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among men who have sex with men who are non-adherent to daily oral PrEP in the United States

INTRODUCTION: Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) persistence among men who have sex with men (MSM) in real world clinical settings for HIV prevention is suboptimal. New longer-acting formulations of PrEP are becoming available, including injectables, subdermal implants, and other oral medications. These longer-acting formulations have the potential to improve retention among those who have challenges remaining adherent to daily oral PrEP. METHODS: We interviewed 49 MSM who had initiated but discontinued oral PrEP at three diverse clinics across the United States. We examined participants\u27 perspectives about long-acting PrEP formulations and how long-acting options could affect PrEP use using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Participants were not very knowledgeable about long-acting formulations of PrEP but were open to learning about them and considering use. Participants were concerned about safety and efficacy of products given that they were still newer and/or in development. Finally, participants had clear preferences for oral pills, injectables, and then subdermal implants and were most interested in options that reduced the number of visits to the clinic. CONCLUSION: Long-acting formulations of PrEP are acceptable to MSM with suboptimal PrEP persistence and have the potential to improve PrEP persistence. However, many felt they needed more information on safety, efficacy, and use to consider these options. As these long-acting formulations are implemented, public health campaigns and clinical interventions to encourage may maximize uptake particularly among those who are not currently adherent to daily oral PrEP

Synopsis of the pelidnotine scarabs (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Rutelinae, Rutelini) and annotated catalog of the species and subspecies

The pelidnotine scarabs (Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Rutelini) are a speciose, paraphyletic assemblage of beetles that includes spectacular metallic species (“jewel scarabs”) as well as species that are ecologically important as herbivores, pollinators, and bioindicators. These beetles suffer from a complicated nomenclatural history, due primarily to 20th century taxonomic and nomenclatural errors. We review the taxonomic history of the pelidnotine scarabs, present a provisional key to genera with overviews of all genera, and synthesize a catalog of all taxa with synonyms, distributional data, type specimen information, and 107 images of exemplar species. As a result of our research, the pelidnotine leaf chafers (a paraphyletic group) include 27 (26 extant and 1 extinct) genera and 420 valid species and subspecies (419 extant and 1 extinct). Our research makes biodiversity research on this group tractable and accessible, thus setting the stage for future studies that address evolutionary and ecological trends. Based on our research, 1 new species is described, 1 new generic synonym and 12 new species synonyms are proposed, 11 new lectotypes and 1 new neotype are designated, many new or revised nomenclatural combinations, and many unavailable names are presented. The following taxonomic changes are made: New generic synonym: The genus Heteropelidnota Ohaus, 1912 is a new junior synonym of Pelidnota MacLeay, 1819. New species synonyms: Plusiotis adelaida pavonacea Casey, 1915 is a syn. n. of Chrysina adelaida (Hope, 1841); Odontognathus gounellei Ohaus, 1908 is a revised synonym of Pelidnota ebenina (Blanchard, 1842); Pelidnota francoisgenieri Moore & Jameson, 2013 is a syn. n. of Pelidnota punctata (Linnaeus, 1758); Pelidnota genieri Soula, 2009 is a syn. n. of Pelidnota punctata (Linnaeus, 1758); Pelidnota lutea (Olivier, 1758) is a revised synonym of Pelidnota punctata (Linnaeus, 1758); Pelidnota (Pelidnota) texensis Casey, 1915 is a revised synonym of Pelidnota punctata (Linnaeus, 1758); Pelidnota (Strigidia) zikani (Ohaus, 1922) is a revised synonym of Pelidnota tibialis tibialis Burmeister, 1844; Pelidnota ludovici Ohaus, 1905 is a syn. n. of Pelidnota burmeisteri tricolor Nonfried, 1894; Rutela fulvipennis Germar, 1824 is syn. n. of Pelidnota cuprea (Germar, 1824); Pelidnota pulchella blanda Burmeister, 1844 is a syn. n. of Pelidnota pulchella pulchella (Kirby, 1819); Pelidnota pulchella scapularis Burmeister, 1844 is a syn. n. of Pelidnota pulchella pulchella (Kirby, 1819); Pelidnota xanthogramma Perty, 1830 is a syn. n. of Pelidnota pulchella pulchella (Kirby, 1819). New or revised statuses: Pelidnota fabricelavalettei Soula, 2009, revised status, is considered a species; Pelidnota rioensis Soula, 2009, stat. n., is considered a species; Pelidnota semiaurata semiaurata Burmeister, 1844, stat. rev., is considered a subspecies. New or comb. rev. and revised status: Plusiotis guaymi Curoe, 2001 is formally transferred to the genus Chrysina (C. guaymi (Curoe, 2001), comb. n.); Plusiotis transvolcanica Morón & Nogueira, 2016 is transferred to the genus Chrysina (C. transvolcanica (Morón & Nogueira, 2016), comb. n.). Heteropelidnota kuhnti Ohaus, 1912 is transferred to the genus Pelidnota (P. kuhnti (Ohaus, 1912), comb. n.); Odontognathus riedeli Ohaus, 1905 is considered a subspecies of Pelidnota rubripennis Burmeister, 1844 (Pelidnota rubripennis riedeli (Ohaus, 1905), revised status and comb. rev.); Pelidnota (Strigidia) acutipennis (F. Bates, 1904) is transferred to the genus Sorocha (Sorocha acutipennis (F. Bates, 1904), comb. rev.); Pelidnota (Odontognathus) nadiae Martínez, 1978 is transferred to the genus Sorocha (Sorocha nadiae (Martínez, 1978), comb. rev.); Pelidnota (Ganonota) plicipennis Ohaus, 1934 is transferred to the genus Sorocha (Sorocha plicipennis (Ohaus, 1934), comb. rev.); Pelidnota similis Ohaus, 1908 is transferred to the genus Sorocha (Sorocha similis (Ohaus, 1908), comb. rev.); Pelidnota (Ganonota) yungana Ohaus, 1934 is transferred to Sorocha (Sorocha yungana (Ohaus, 1934), comb. rev.); Pelidnota malyi Soula, 2010: 58, revised status; Xenopelidnota anomala porioni Chalumeau, 1985, revised subspecies status. To stabilize the classification of the group, a neotype is designated for the following species: Pelidnota thiliezi Soula, 2009. Lectotypes are designated for the following names (given in their original combinations): Pelidnota brevicollis Casey, 1915, Pelidnota brevis Casey, 1915, Pelidnota debiliceps Casey, 1915, Pelidnota hudsonica Casey, 1915, Pelidnota oblonga Casey, 1915, Pelidnota pallidipes Casey, 1915, Pelidnota ponderella Casey, 1915, Pelidnota strenua Casey, 1915, Pelidnota tarsalis Casey, 1915, Pelidnota texensis Casey, 1915, and Scarabaeus punctatus Linnaeus, 1758. The following published infrasubspecific names are unavailable per ICZN Article 45.6.1: Pelidnota (Odontognathus) cuprea var. coerulea Ohaus, 1913; Pelidnota (Odontognathus) cuprea var. rufoviolacea Ohaus, 1913; Pelidnota (Odontognathus) cuprea var. nigrocoerulea Ohaus, 1913; Pelidnota pulchella var. fulvopunctata Ohaus, 1913; Pelidnota pulchella var. sellata Ohaus, 1913; Pelidnota pulchella var. reducta Ohaus, 1913; Pelidnota unicolor var. infuscata Ohaus, 1913. The following published species name is unavailable per ICZN Article 11.5: Neopatatra synonyma Moore & Jameson, 2013. The following published species name is unavailable per application of ICZN Article 16.1: Parhoplognathus rubripennis Soula, 2008. Synopsis of the pelidnotine scarabs (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Rutelinae, Rutelini) 3 The following published species name is unavailable per application of ICZN Article 16.4.1: Strigidia testaceovirens argentinica Soula, 2006, Pelidnota (Strigidia) testaceovirens argentinica (Soula, 2006), and Pelidnota testaceovirens argentinica (Soula, 2006). The following published species names are unavailable per application of ICZN Article 16.4.2: Homonyx digennaroi Soula, 2010; Homonyx lecourti Soula, 2010; Homonyx mulliei Soula, 2010; Homonyx simoensi Soula, 2010; Homonyx wagneri Soula, 2010; Homonyx zovii Demez & Soula, 2011; Pelidnota arnaudi Soula, 2009; Pelidnota brusteli Soula, 2010; Pelidnota chalcothorax septentrionalis Soula, 2009; Pelidnota degallieri Soula, 2010; Pelidnota lavalettei Soula, 2008; Pelidnota lavalettei Soula, 2009; Pelidnota dieteri Soula, 2011; Strigidia gracilis decaensi Soula, 2008, Pelidnota (Strigidia) gracilis decaensi (Soula, 2008), and Pelidnota gracilis decaensi (Soula, 2008); Pelidnota halleri Demez & Soula, 2011; Pelidnota injantepalominoi Demez & Soula, 2011; Pelidnota kucerai Soula, 2009; Pelidnota malyi Soula, 2010: 36-37; Pelidnota mezai Soula, 2009; Pelidnota polita darienensis Soula, 2009; Pelidnota polita orozcoi Soula, 2009; Pelidnota polita pittieri Soula, 2009; Pelidnota punctulata decolombia Soula, 2009; Pelidnota punctulata venezolana Soula, 2009; Pelidnota raingeardi Soula, 2009; Pelidnota schneideri Soula, 2010; Pelidnota simoensi Soula, 2009; Pelidnota unicolor subandina Soula, 2009; Sorocha carloti Demez & Soula, 2011; Sorocha castroi Soula, 2008; Sorocha fravali Soula, 2011; Sorocha jeanmaurettei Demez & Soula, 2011; Sorocha yelamosi Soula, 2011; Xenopelidnota bolivari Soula, 2009; Xenopelidnota pittieri pittieri Soula, 2009. Due to unavailability of the name Pseudogeniates cordobaensis Soula 2009, we describe the species as intentionally new (Pseudogeniates cordobaensis Moore, Jameson, Garner, Audibert, Smith, and Seidel, sp. n.)

Epectinaspis Blanchard

Key to the species of Epectinaspis Blanchard (modified from Paucar-Cabrera 2003) 1. Protarsomeres 1–4 subequal in length to protarsomere 5 (Fig. 46). Protarsomere 5 with internomedial protuberance (Fig. 46). Larger claw of protarsus with ventral ramus about 4 times wider than dorsal ramus (Fig. 46). Abdominal sternites weakly concave...........................................................................................(male) 2 - Protarsomeres 1–4 longer than protarsomere 5 (Fig. 47). Protarsomere 5 lacking internomedial protuberance (Fig. 47). Larger claw of protarsus with ventral ramus 1 to 2 times wider than dorsal ramus (Fig. 47). Abdominal sternites weakly convex.................................................................................................(female) 11Published as part of Ramírez-Ponce, Andrés & Curoe, Daniel, 2014, Description of two new species in the genera Epectinaspis Blanchard and Strigoderma Burmeister (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Anomalini), pp. 87-94 in Zootaxa 3827 (1) on page 90, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3827.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/28650

Epectinaspis costaricensis Ramirez-Ponce & Curoe, new species

Epectinaspis costaricensis Ramírez-Ponce & Curoe, new species (Figs. 1–7) Type material (2 ♂). Holotype (♂, INBIO) labeled: “ Costa Rica /Varablanca/ 10.v. 91 " // " Epectinaspis costaricensis Holotype ♂", red label and male genitalia and metathoracic wing card mounted. Paratype (1 ♂, DJCC), same data as holotype except: " Epectinaspis costaricensis Paratype ", yellow label. Description of holotype. Male. Length 10.1 mm; width 4.5 mm. Color. Head orange-brown with green and red reflections; pronotum, scutellum, elytra, pygidium, venter, and legs orange-brown (except green anteromedial blotch on pronotum) with green reflections; prosternum, mesosternum, and metasternum, coxae, trochanters, and abdomen coppery-red with weak green reflections (Fig. 1). Head. Surface of frons flat, with a central bulge, deeply and densely rugopunctate with 4 setae on each supraocular region (Figs. 2, 3); interocular width equals 4.6 eye diameters. Clypeus subrectangular, with lateral angles broadly rounded, apex moderately reflexed; surface slightly convex, alveolate, becoming punctate near apex (Fig. 2). Mentum punctate; punctures moderately dense, moderately small; free margins with 10 long and erect setae (4 on each lateral margin and 2 on apical margin); prementum glabrous. Terminal segment of maxillary palpus wider than 3 basal palpomeres (1.3:1.0) and longer than 3 basal palpomeres combined (1.3:1.0). Pronotum. Margins beaded; with 5 long, curved, and erect setae on each side; basal angles acute. Surface sparsely punctate, with a weak, wide, and irregular furrow on midline; punctures moderate in size, deep (Fig. 1). Scutellum. Width length ratio 1.0– 0.88, apex rounded; surface punctate; punctures moderate in size, smaller towards apex (Fig. 1). Elytra. Each with 11 punctate striae, 1 next to sutural margin, 6 on disc extending from basal margin to apex, 2 from humeral umbone to apex, and 2 adjacent to lateral margin (Fig. 1). Epipleuron not reaching metepisternum. Margins glabrous. Propygidium. Completely covered by elytra, surface punctate, setose; setae short, scattered. Pygidium. Shape subtriangular in posterior view; surface narrowly convex near apex and uniformly, moderately densely punctuate; punctures large, shallow, setigerous; setae long, more so on apex. Venter. Sternites 2–4 subequal in length; sternite 5 1.17 as long as sternite 4; last sternite 0.87 as long as sternite 4. Sternites 2–6 irregularly punctate; punctures medially moderately large, laterally becoming larger. Most larger punctures setigerous; setae long and more abundant on sides. Legs. Protibia with 2 external teeth and a subapical spur; spur subequal in length to protarsomere 2. Protarsomere 5 subequal in length to protarsomeres 1–4 combined, with a conspicuous internomedial tooth. Protarsus with inner claw deeply cleft; inner ramus 3 times as wide as outer ramus (Fig. 7). Mesotibia with conspicuous, oblique carina at middle; carina with 2 setiform spinules on basal end, 7 along its length, and 1 on apical end; apex with 7–8 spinules. Metatibia with 18–19 spinules at apex. Male genitalia. In dorsal view, parameres simple, straight, without bends or setae, narrowing towards rounded apex (Fig. 4); in lateral view, phallobase-tectum-parameres length ratio 1.0: 1.66: 1.40 (Fig. 6). Female. Unknown. Variation in paratype (1 ♂, DJCC). The paratype is similar to the holotype but with the following differences: green reflections on frons more intense, punctures on pronotal disc shallower, metasternum and abdomen lighter, sternites with yellow area along apical margins, and apical teeth on external edge of protibia longer. Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from all other species of the genus Epectinaspis by the following combination of characters: males with frons mostly flat and with a central bulge, pronotum glabrous, apex of mesotibia and metatibia with 7–8 and 18–19 spinules respectively, epipleuron not reaching metepisternum; male genitalia with apex of parameres simple, widely rounded, without setae (lateral view), bends or folds. Epectinaspis costaricensis resembles E. chelifera Bates and E. guatemalensis Ohaus, sharing with both species (to a large extent) the brown or orange-brown dorsal coloration with green or red reflections and an anteromedial blotch on the pronotum. Additionally, it shares with E. guatemalensis the same number of elytral striae on disc (nine), but differs in interocular width (6.5 eye diameters in E. guatemalensis, 4.6 in E. costaricensis); the quadrate pronotal basal angles (basal angles acute in E. costaricensis); the rugopunctate pronotal surface (surface punctate in E. costaricensis); the absence of a weak pronotal furrow (furrow present in E. costaricensis), the number of metatibial apical spinules (13–15 in E. guatemalensis, 18–19 in E. costaricensis) and their areas of distribution, which appear very disjunct: E. guatemalensis occurs in Guatemala with one doubtful record for Costa Rica whereas E. costaricensis is known only from Costa Rica. The only species (apart from E. costaricensis) that have the expanded epipleura not reaching posterior to the apical margin of the metacoxa are E. ambigens and E. chelifera. Epectinaspis ambigens, however, is very different in conspicuous characters such as the dark coloration, the abundant pilosity on the frons and pronotum and its distribution in Guatemala and Belize (E. costaricensis distributed in Costa Rica only). Epectinaspis costaricensis shares more characters with E. chelifera as well as a nearer area of distribution. While most Epectinaspis species occur from Mexico to El Salvador, only E. chelifera (and E. moreletiana) have been recorded in Panama. The most conspicuous characters that E. costaricensis shares with E. chelifera are the expanded epipleura not reaching the metacoxa, the pronotum with a weak medial furrow and punctate (not rugopunctate) surface. The two species however, can be easily separated by their different interocular widths (4.6 eye diameters in E. costaricensis, 7.0 in E. chelifera), the pronotal basal angles (acute in E. costaricensis, obtuse in E. chelifera) and the number of spinules on the metatibial apices (18–19 in E. costaricensis, 12–15 in E. chelifera). Etymology. This species is named after Costa Rica, the megadiverse Central American country where it was collected. Distribution. The two specimens were collected near Varablanca, Heredia province (10 ° 10 'N, 84 °09'W) at 1800 m of elevation on shrub flowers in cloud forest habitat. Temporal data. The only two specimens known were collected in May. Remarks. Epectinaspis costaricensis resembles E. chelifera Bates, E. guatemalensis Ohaus, and E. ambigens Bates, but its diagnostic combination of characters, including coloration, will easily distinguish this new species. Most of the species in this genus are distributed from Mexico to El Salvador, but only E. chelifera and E. moreletiana (Blanchard) have been recorded in Panama (the southernmost distribution).Published as part of Ramírez-Ponce, Andrés & Curoe, Daniel, 2014, Description of two new species in the genera Epectinaspis Blanchard and Strigoderma Burmeister (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Anomalini), pp. 87-94 in Zootaxa 3827 (1) on pages 88-90, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3827.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/28650

Description of two new species in the genera Epectinaspis Blanchard and Strigoderma Burmeister (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Anomalini)

Ramírez-Ponce, Andrés, Curoe, Daniel (2014): Description of two new species in the genera Epectinaspis Blanchard and Strigoderma Burmeister (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae: Anomalini). Zootaxa 3827 (1): 87-94, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3827.1.

A Day in the Life of an Urban Emergency Department

Importance: The annual number of patient visits to emergency departments (EDs) continues to increase. Patients seen in the ED for nonemergent conditions potentially increase the cost of health care and lead to overcrowding in EDs. Objective: To gain insights into the factors leading to nonemergent use of hospital EDs. Design, Setting, and Participants: During a 24-hour period, we interviewed 67 patients in an urban ED. A total of 232 patients were seen in the ED and the hospital provided all claims data. Intervention: None. Main Outcomes and Measures: Elicit and record patient-stated reasons for seeking care in the ED. Results: Interview results showed that 90% of patients had a primary care clinic although 23% of those clinics were not affiliated with the hospital. Of the 67 interviewed patients, 72% reported they came to the ED because their condition was an emergency, 79% had spoken to someone prior to going to the ED, but only 30% consulted medical personnel. Conclusions and Relevance: Patients did not go to the ED because they lacked a primary care clinic. Most patients did not discuss their condition with medical personnel prior to going to the ED. Informing patients of clinic and hospital affiliations may improve continuity of care and access to electronic health records