13 research outputs found
Neurodifferentiation and neuroprotection potential of mesenchymal stromal cell-derived secretome produced in different dynamic systems
Parkinsonâs disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder and is characterized by the degeneration of the dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to a loss of DA in the basal ganglia. The presence of aggregates of alpha-synuclein (α-synuclein) is seen as the main contributor to the pathogenesis and progression of PD. Evidence suggests that the secretome of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) could be a potential cell-free therapy for PD. However, to accelerate the integration of this therapy in the clinical setting, there is still the need to develop a protocol for the large-scale production of secretome under good manufacturing practices (GMP) guidelines. Bioreactors have the capacity to produce large quantities of secretomes in a scalable manner, surpassing the limitations of planar static culture systems. However, few studies focused on the influence of the culture system used to expand MSC, on the secretome composition. In this work, we studied the capacity of the secretome produced by bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSC) expanded in a spinner flask (SP) and in a Vertical-Wheelâą bioreactor (VWBR) system, to induce neurodifferentiation of human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) and to prevent dopaminergic neuron degeneration caused by the overexpression of α-synuclein in one Caenorhabditis elegans model of PD. Results showed that secretomes from both systems were able to induce neurodifferentiation, though the secretome produced in the SP system had a greater effect. Additionally, in the conditions of our study, only the secretome produced in SP had a neuroprotective potential. Lastly, the secretomes had different profiles regarding the presence and/or specific intensity of different molecules, namely, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-4, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2), and 3 (MMP3), tumor necrosis factor-beta (TNF-ÎČ), osteopontin, nerve growth factor beta (NGFÎČ), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF), heparin-binding (HB) epithelial growth factor (EGF)-like growth factor (HB-EGF), and IL-13. Overall, our results suggest that the culture conditions might have influenced the secretory profiles of cultured cells and, consequently, the observed effects. Additional studies should further explore the effects that different culture systems have on the secretome potential of PD.This work has been funded by la Caixa Foundation and Portuguese Foundation for
Science and Technology (FCT) under the agreement LCF/PR/HP20/52300001; ICVS Scientific Microscopy Platform, member of the national infrastructure PPBIâPortuguese Platform of Bioimaging
(PPBI-POCI-01-0145-FEDER-022122); by National funds, through the Foundation for Science and
Technology (FCT)âproject UIDB/50026/2020 and UIDP/50026/2020. CRM was supported by a Ph.D.
scholarship from FCT and the company Stemmatters, Biotecnologia e Medicina Regenerativa SA
(PD/BDE/127833/2016). Funding received by iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences from
FCT (UID/BIO/04565/2020) and through the project PTDC/EQU-EQU/31651/2017 is acknowledged.
MAF was supported by a Ph.D. scholarship from FCT (SFRH/PD/BD/128328/2017). RC was supported by the EXOpro project (PTDC/EQU-QUE/31651/2017). JPS was supported by a Ph.D. scholarship from FCT and the company BnâMLâBehavioral & Molecular Lab (PD/BDE/127834/2016).
DS was supported by a Ph.D. scholarship from FCT and the company Stemmatters, Biotecnologia e
Medicina Regenerativa S.A. (PD/BDE/135567/2018) JC was supported by a Ph.D. scholarship from
FCT (SFRH/BD/5813/2020)
Taking the pulse of Earth's tropical forests using networks of highly distributed plots
Tropical forests are the most diverse and productive ecosystems on Earth. While better understanding of these forests is critical for our collective future, until quite recently efforts to measure and monitor them have been largely disconnected. Networking is essential to discover the answers to questions that transcend borders and the horizons of funding agencies. Here we show how a global community is responding to the challenges of tropical ecosystem research with diverse teams measuring forests tree-by-tree in thousands of long-term plots. We review the major scientific discoveries of this work and show how this process is changing tropical forest science. Our core approach involves linking long-term grassroots initiatives with standardized protocols and data management to generate robust scaled-up results. By connecting tropical researchers and elevating their status, our Social Research Network model recognises the key role of the data originator in scientific discovery. Conceived in 1999 with RAINFOR (South America), our permanent plot networks have been adapted to Africa (AfriTRON) and Southeast Asia (T-FORCES) and widely emulated worldwide. Now these multiple initiatives are integrated via ForestPlots.net cyber-infrastructure, linking colleagues from 54 countries across 24 plot networks. Collectively these are transforming understanding of tropical forests and their biospheric role. Together we have discovered how, where and why forest carbon and biodiversity are responding to climate change, and how they feedback on it. This long-term pan-tropical collaboration has revealed a large long-term carbon sink and its trends, as well as making clear which drivers are most important, which forest processes are affected, where they are changing, what the lags are, and the likely future responses of tropical forests as the climate continues to change. By leveraging a remarkably old technology, plot networks are sparking a very modern revolution in tropical forest science. In the future, humanity can benefit greatly by nurturing the grassroots communities now collectively capable of generating unique, long-term understanding of Earth's most precious forests.Additional co-authors: Susan Laurance, William Laurance, Francoise Yoko Ishida, Andrew Marshall, Catherine Waite, Hannsjoerg Woell, Jean-Francois Bastin, Marijn Bauters, Hans Beeckman, Pfascal Boeckx, Jan Bogaert, Charles De Canniere, Thales de Haulleville, Jean-Louis Doucet, Olivier Hardy, Wannes Hubau, Elizabeth Kearsley, Hans Verbeeck, Jason Vleminckx, Steven W. Brewer, Alfredo AlarcĂłn, Alejandro Araujo-Murakami, Eric Arets, Luzmila Arroyo, Ezequiel Chavez, Todd Fredericksen, RenĂ© GuillĂ©n Villaroel, Gloria Gutierrez Sibauty, Timothy Killeen, Juan Carlos Licona, John Lleigue, Casimiro Mendoza, Samaria Murakami, Alexander Parada Gutierrez, Guido Pardo, Marielos Peña-Claros, Lourens Poorter, Marisol Toledo, Jeanneth Villalobos Cayo, Laura Jessica Viscarra, Vincent Vos, Jorge Ahumada, Everton Almeida, Jarcilene Almeida, Edmar Almeida de Oliveira, Wesley Alves da Cruz, Atila Alves de Oliveira, FabrĂcio Alvim Carvalho, FlĂĄvio Amorim Obermuller, Ana Andrade, Fernanda Antunes Carvalho, Simone Aparecida Vieira, Ana Carla Aquino, Luiz AragĂŁo, Ana Claudia AraĂșjo, Marco Antonio Assis, Jose Ataliba Mantelli Aboin Gomes, FabrĂcio Baccaro, PlĂnio Barbosa de Camargo, Paulo Barni, Jorcely Barroso, Luis Carlos Bernacci, Kauane Bordin, Marcelo Brilhante de Medeiros, Igor Broggio, JosĂ© LuĂs Camargo, Domingos Cardoso, Maria Antonia Carniello, Andre Luis Casarin Rochelle, Carolina Castilho, Antonio Alberto Jorge Farias Castro, Wendeson Castro, Sabina Cerruto Ribeiro, FlĂĄvia Costa, Rodrigo Costa de Oliveira, Italo Coutinho, John Cunha, Lola da Costa, Lucia da Costa Ferreira, Richarlly da Costa Silva, Marta da Graça Zacarias Simbine, Vitor de Andrade Kamimura, Haroldo Cavalcante de Lima, Lia de Oliveira Melo, Luciano de Queiroz, JosĂ© Romualdo de Sousa Lima, MĂĄrio do EspĂrito Santo, Tomas Domingues, Nayane Cristina dos Santos Prestes, Steffan Eduardo Silva Carneiro, Fernando Elias, Gabriel Eliseu, Thaise Emilio, Camila LaĂs Farrapo, LetĂcia Fernandes, Gustavo Ferreira, Joice Ferreira, Leandro Ferreira, Socorro Ferreira, Marcelo Fragomeni Simon, Maria Aparecida Freitas, Queila S. GarcĂa, Angelo Gilberto Manzatto, Paulo Graça, Frederico Guilherme, Eduardo Hase, Niro Higuchi, Mariana Iguatemy, Reinaldo Imbrozio Barbosa, Margarita Jaramillo, Carlos Joly, Joice Klipel, IĂȘda LeĂŁo do Amaral, Carolina Levis, Antonio S. Lima, MaurĂcio Lima Dan, Aline Lopes, Herison Madeiros, William E. Magnusson, Rubens Manoel dos Santos, Beatriz Marimon, Ben Hur Marimon Junior, Roberta Marotti Martelletti Grillo, Luiz Martinelli, Simone Matias Reis, SalomĂŁo Medeiros, Milton Meira-Junior, Thiago Metzker, Paulo Morandi, Natanael Moreira do Nascimento, Magna Moura, Sandra Cristina MĂŒller, Laszlo Nagy, Henrique Nascimento, Marcelo Nascimento, Adriano Nogueira Lima, Raimunda Oliveira de AraĂșjo, Jhonathan Oliveira Silva, Marcelo Pansonato, Gabriel Pavan Sabino, Karla Maria Pedra de Abreu, Pablo JosĂ© Francisco Pena Rodrigues, Maria Piedade, Domingos Rodrigues, JosĂ© Roberto Rodrigues Pinto, Carlos Quesada, Eliana Ramos, Rafael Ramos, Priscyla Rodrigues, Thaiane Rodrigues de Sousa, Rafael SalomĂŁo, FlĂĄvia Santana, Marcos Scaranello, Rodrigo Scarton Bergamin, Juliana Schietti, Jochen Schöngart, Gustavo Schwartz, Natalino Silva, Marcos Silveira, Cristiana SimĂŁo Seixas, Marta Simbine, Ana Claudia Souza, Priscila Souza, Rodolfo Souza, Tereza Sposito, Edson Stefani Junior, Julio Daniel do Vale, Ima CĂ©lia GuimarĂŁes Vieira, Dora Villela, Marcos Vital, Haron Xaud, Katia Zanini, Charles Eugene Zartman, Nur Khalish Hafizhah Ideris, Faizah binti Hj Metali, Kamariah Abu Salim, Muhd Shahruney Saparudin, Rafizah Mat Serudin, Rahayu Sukmaria Sukri, Serge Begne, George Chuyong, Marie Noel Djuikouo, Christelle Gonmadje, Murielle Simo-Droissart, Bonaventure SonkĂ©, Hermann Taedoumg, Lise Zemagho, Sean Thomas, FidĂšle Baya, Gustavo Saiz, Javier Silva Espejo, Dexiang Chen, Alan Hamilton, Yide Li, Tushou Luo, Shukui Niu, Han Xu, Zhang Zhou, Esteban Ălvarez-DĂĄvila, Juan Carlos AndrĂ©s Escobar, Henry Arellano-Peña, Jaime Cabezas Duarte, Jhon CalderĂłn, Lina Maria Corrales Bravo, Borish Cuadrado, Hermes Cuadros, Alvaro Duque, Luisa Fernanda Duque, Sandra Milena Espinosa, Rebeca Franke-Ante, Hernando GarcĂa, Alejandro GĂłmez, Roy GonzĂĄlez-M., Ălvaro IdĂĄrraga-PiedrahĂta, Eliana Jimenez, RubĂ©n Jurado, Wilmar LĂłpez Oviedo, RenĂ© LĂłpez-Camacho, Omar Aurelio Melo Cruz, Irina Mendoza Polo, Edwin Paky, Karen PĂ©rez, Angel Pijachi, Camila Pizano, Adriana Prieto, Laura Ramos, Zorayda Restrepo Correa, James Richardson, Elkin RodrĂguez, Gina M. Rodriguez M., AgustĂn Rudas, Pablo Stevenson, MarkĂ©ta ChudomelovĂĄ, Martin Dancak, Radim HĂ©dl, Stanislav Lhota, Martin Svatek, Jacques Mukinzi, Corneille Ewango, Terese Hart, Emmanuel Kasongo Yakusu, Janvier Lisingo, Jean-Remy Makana, Faustin Mbayu, Benjamin Toirambe, John Tshibamba Mukendi, Lars Kvist, Gustav Nebel, Selene BĂĄez, Carlos CĂ©ron, Daniel M. Griffith, Juan Ernesto Guevara Andino, David Neill, Walter Palacios, Maria Cristina Peñuela-Mora, Gonzalo Rivas-Torres, Gorky Villa, Sheleme Demissie, Tadesse Gole, Techane Gonfa, Kalle Ruokolainen, Michel Baisie, Fabrice BĂ©nĂ©det, Wemo Betian, Vincent Bezard, Damien Bonal, JerĂŽme Chave, Vincent Droissart, Sylvie Gourlet-Fleury, Annette Hladik, Nicolas LabriĂšre, PĂ©trus Naisso, Maxime RĂ©jou-MĂ©chain, Plinio Sist, Lilian Blanc, Benoit Burban, GĂ©raldine Derroire, AurĂ©lie Dourdain, Clement Stahl, Natacha Nssi Bengone, Eric Chezeaux, FidĂšle Evouna Ondo, Vincent Medjibe, Vianet Mihindou, Lee White, Heike Culmsee, Cristabel DurĂĄn Rangel, Viviana Horna, Florian Wittmann, Stephen Adu-Bredu, Kofi Affum-Baffoe, Ernest Foli, Michael Balinga, Anand Roopsind, James Singh, Raquel Thomas, Roderick Zagt, Indu K. Murthy, Kuswata Kartawinata, Edi Mirmanto, Hari Priyadi, Ismayadi Samsoedin, Terry Sunderland, Ishak Yassir, Francesco Rovero, Barbara Vinceti, Bruno HĂ©rault, Shin-Ichiro Aiba, Kanehiro Kitayama, Armandu Daniels, Darlington Tuagben, John T. Woods, Muhammad Fitriadi, Alexander Karolus, Kho Lip Khoon, Noreen Majalap, Colin Maycock, Reuben Nilus, Sylvester Tan, Almeida Sitoe, Indiana Coronado G., Lucas Ojo, Rafael de Assis, Axel Dalberg Poulsen, Douglas Sheil, Karen ArĂ©valo Pezo, Hans Buttgenbach Verde, Victor Chama Moscoso, Jimmy Cesar Cordova Oroche, Fernando Cornejo Valverde, Massiel Corrales Medina, Nallaret Davila Cardozo, Jano de Rutte Corzo, Jhon del Aguila Pasquel, Gerardo Flores Llampazo, Luis Freitas, Darcy Galiano Cabrera, Roosevelt GarcĂa Villacorta, Karina Garcia Cabrera, Diego GarcĂa Soria, Leticia Gatica Saboya, Julio Miguel Grandez Rios, Gabriel Hidalgo Pizango, EurĂdice Honorio Coronado, Isau Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, Walter Huaraca Huasco, Yuri Tomas Huillca Aedo, Jose Luis Marcelo Peña, Abel Monteagudo Mendoza, Vanesa Moreano Rodriguez, Percy NĂșñez Vargas, Sonia Cesarina Palacios Ramos, Nadir Pallqui Camacho, Antonio Peña Cruz, Freddy Ramirez Arevalo, JosĂ© Reyna Huaymacari, Carlos Reynel Rodriguez, Marcos Antonio RĂos Paredes, Lily Rodriguez Bayona, Rocio del Pilar Rojas Gonzales, Maria Elena Rojas Peña, Norma Salinas Revilla, Yahn Carlos Soto Shareva, Raul Tupayachi Trujillo, Luis Valenzuela Gamarra, Rodolfo Vasquez Martinez, Jim Vega Arenas, Christian Amani, Suspense Averti Ifo, Yannick Bocko, Patrick Boundja, Romeo Ekoungoulou, Mireille Hockemba, Donatien Nzala, Alusine Fofanah, David Taylor, Guillermo Bañares-de Dios, Luis Cayuela, Ăñigo Granzow-de la Cerda, Manuel MacĂa, Juliana Stropp, Maureen Playfair, Verginia Wortel, Toby Gardner, Robert Muscarella, Hari Priyadi, Ervan Rutishauser, Kuo-Jung Chao, Pantaleo Munishi, Olaf BĂĄnki, Frans Bongers, Rene Boot, Gabriella Fredriksson, Jan Reitsma, Hans ter Steege, Tinde van Andel, Peter van de Meer, Peter van der Hout, Mark van Nieuwstadt, Bert van Ulft, Elmar Veenendaal, Ronald Vernimmen, Pieter Zuidema, Joeri Zwerts, Perpetra Akite, Robert Bitariho, Colin Chapman, Eilu Gerald, Miguel Leal, Patrick Mucunguzi, Miguel Alexiades, Timothy R. Baker, Karina Banda, Lindsay Banin, Jos Barlow, Amy Bennett, Erika Berenguer, Nicholas Berry, Neil M. Bird, George A. Blackburn, Francis Brearley, Roel Brienen, David Burslem, Lidiany Carvalho, Percival Cho, Fernanda Coelho, Murray Collins, David Coomes, Aida Cuni-Sanchez, Greta Dargie, Kyle Dexter, Mat Disney, Freddie Draper, Muying Duan, Adriane Esquivel-Muelbert, Robert Ewers, Belen Fadrique, Sophie Fauset, Ted R. Feldpausch, Filipe França, David Galbraith, Martin Gilpin, Emanuel Gloor, John Grace, Keith Hamer, David Harris, Tommaso Jucker, Michelle Kalamandeen, Bente Klitgaard, Aurora Levesley, Simon L. Lewis, Jeremy Lindsell, Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez, Jon Lovett, Yadvinder Malhi, Toby Marthews, Emma McIntosh, Karina Melgaço, William Milliken, Edward Mitchard, Peter Moonlight, Sam Moore, Alexandra Morel, Julie Peacock, Kelvin Peh, Colin Pendry, R. Toby Pennington, Luciana de Oliveira Pereira, Carlos Peres, Oliver L. Phillips, Georgia Pickavance, Thomas Pugh, Lan Qie, Terhi Riutta, Katherine Roucoux, Casey Ryan, Tiina Sarkinen, Camila Silva Valeria, Dominick Spracklen, Suzanne Stas, Martin Sullivan, Michael Swaine, Joey Talbot, James Taplin, Geertje van der Heijden, Laura Vedovato, Simon Willcock, Mathew Williams, Luciana Alves, Patricia Alvarez Loayza, Gabriel Arellano, Cheryl Asa, Peter Ashton, Gregory Asner, Terry Brncic, Foster Brown, Robyn Burnham, Connie Clark, James Comiskey, Gabriel Damasco, Stuart Davies, Tony Di Fiore, Terry Erwin, William Farfan-Rios, Jefferson Hall, David Kenfack, Thomas Lovejoy, Roberta Martin, Olga Martha Montiel, John Pipoly, Nigel Pitman, John Poulsen, Richard Primack, Miles Silman, Marc Steininger, Varun Swamy, John Terborgh, Duncan Thomas, Peter Umunay, Maria Uriarte, Emilio Vilanova Torre, Ophelia Wang, Kenneth Young, Gerardo A. Aymard C., Lionel HernĂĄndez, Rafael Herrera FernĂĄndez, Hirma RamĂrez-Angulo, Pedro Salcedo, Elio Sanoja, Julio Serrano, Armando Torres-Lezama, Tinh Cong Le, Trai Trong Le, Hieu Dang Tra
História ferroviåria e pesquisa: a consolidação da temåtica nas pesquisas de pós-graduação no Brasil (1972-2016)
NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics
Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data
NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics
Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data
Taking the pulse of Earth's tropical forests using networks of highly distributed plots
Tropical forests are the most diverse and productive ecosystems on Earth. While better understanding of these forests is critical for our collective future, until quite recently efforts to measure and monitor them have been largely disconnected. Networking is essential to discover the answers to questions that transcend borders and the horizons of funding agencies. Here we show how a global community is responding to the challenges of tropical ecosystem research with diverse teams measuring forests tree-by-tree in thousands of long-term plots. We review the major scientific discoveries of this work and show how this process is changing tropical forest science. Our core approach involves linking long-term grassroots initiatives with standardized protocols and data management to generate robust scaled-up results. By connecting tropical researchers and elevating their status, our Social Research Network model recognises the key role of the data originator in scientific discovery. Conceived in 1999 with RAINFOR (South America), our permanent plot networks have been adapted to Africa (AfriTRON) and Southeast Asia (T-FORCES) and widely emulated worldwide. Now these multiple initiatives are integrated via ForestPlots.net cyber-infrastructure, linking colleagues from 54 countries across 24 plot networks. Collectively these are transforming understanding of tropical forests and their biospheric role. Together we have discovered how, where and why forest carbon and biodiversity are responding to climate change, and how they feedback on it. This long-term pan-tropical collaboration has revealed a large long-term carbon sink and its trends, as well as making clear which drivers are most important, which forest processes are affected, where they are changing, what the lags are, and the likely future responses of tropical forests as the climate continues to change. By leveraging a remarkably old technology, plot networks are sparking a very modern revolution in tropical forest science. In the future, humanity can benefit greatly by nurturing the grassroots communities now collectively capable of generating unique, long-term understanding of Earth's most precious forests. Resumen: Los bosques tropicales son los ecosistemas mĂĄs diversos y productivos del mundo y entender su funcionamiento es crĂtico para nuestro futuro colectivo. Sin embargo, hasta hace muy poco, los esfuerzos para medirlos y monitorearlos han estado muy desconectados. El trabajo en redes es esencial para descubrir las respuestas a preguntas que trascienden las fronteras y los plazos de las agencias de financiamiento. AquĂ mostramos cĂłmo una comunidad global estĂĄ respondiendo a los desafĂos de la investigaciĂłn en ecosistemas tropicales a travĂ©s de diversos equipos realizando mediciones ĂĄrbol por ĂĄrbol en miles de parcelas permanentes de largo plazo. Revisamos los descubrimientos mĂĄs importantes de este trabajo y discutimos cĂłmo este proceso estĂĄ cambiando la ciencia relacionada a los bosques tropicales. El enfoque central de nuestro esfuerzo implica la conexiĂłn de iniciativas locales de largo plazo con protocolos estandarizados y manejo de datos para producir resultados que se puedan trasladar a mĂșltiples escalas. Conectando investigadores tropicales, elevando su posiciĂłn y estatus, nuestro modelo de Red Social de InvestigaciĂłn reconoce el rol fundamental que tienen, para el descubrimiento cientĂfico, quienes generan o producen los datos. Concebida en 1999 con RAINFOR (SuramĂ©rica), nuestras redes de parcelas permanentes han sido adaptadas en Ăfrica (AfriTRON) y el sureste asiĂĄtico (T-FORCES) y ampliamente replicadas en el mundo. Actualmente todas estas iniciativas estĂĄn integradas a travĂ©s de la ciber-infraestructura de ForestPlots.net, conectando colegas de 54 paĂses en 24 redes diferentes de parcelas. Colectivamente, estas redes estĂĄn transformando nuestro conocimiento sobre los bosques tropicales y el rol de Ă©stos en la biĂłsfera. Juntos hemos descubierto cĂłmo, dĂłnde y porquĂ© el carbono y la biodiversidad de los bosques tropicales estĂĄ respondiendo al cambio climĂĄtico y cĂłmo se retroalimentan. Esta colaboraciĂłn pan-tropical de largo plazo ha expuesto un gran sumidero de carbono y sus tendencias, mostrando claramente cuĂĄles son los factores mĂĄs importantes, quĂ© procesos se ven afectados, dĂłnde ocurren los cambios, los tiempos de reacciĂłn y las probables respuestas futuras mientras el clima continĂșa cambiando. Apalancando lo que realmente es una tecnologĂa antigua, las redes de parcelas estĂĄn generando una verdadera y moderna revoluciĂłn en la ciencia tropical. En el futuro, la humanidad puede beneficiarse enormemente si se nutren y cultivan comunidades de investigadores de base, actualmente con la capacidad de generar informaciĂłn Ășnica y de largo plazo para entender los que probablemente son los bosques mĂĄs preciados de la tierra. Resumo: Florestas tropicais sĂŁo os ecossistemas mais diversos e produtivos da Terra. Embora uma boa compreensĂŁo destas florestas seja crucial para o nosso futuro coletivo, atĂ© muito recentemente os esforços de mediçÔes e monitoramento tem sido amplamente desconexos. Ă essencial formarmos redes para obtermos respostas que transcendam as fronteiras e horizontes das agĂȘncias financiadoras. Neste estudo nĂłs mostramos como uma comunidade global estĂĄ respondendo aos desafios da pesquisa de ecossistemas tropicais, com equipes diversas medindo florestas, ĂĄrvore por ĂĄrvore, em milhares de parcelas monitoradas a longo prazo. NĂłs revisamos as maiores descobertas cientĂficas deste esforço global, e mostramos tambĂ©m como este processo vem mudando a ciĂȘncia de florestas tropicais. Nossa abordagem principal envolve unir iniciativas de base a protocolos padronizados e gerenciamento de dados a fim de gerar resultados robustos em grandes escalas. Ao conectar pesquisadores tropicais e elevar seus status, nosso modelo de Rede de Pesquisa Social reconhece o papel chave do produtor dos dados na descoberta cientĂfica. Concebida em 1999 com o RAINFOR (AmĂ©rica do Sul), nossa rede de parcelas permanentes foi adaptada para Ăfrica (AfriTRON) e Sudeste AsiĂĄtico (T-FORCES), e tem sido extensamente reproduzida em todo o mundo. Agora estas mĂșltiplas iniciativas estĂŁo integradas atravĂ©s da infraestrutura cibernĂ©tica do ForestPlots.net, conectando colegas de 54 paĂses e 24 redes de parcelas. Estas iniciativas estĂŁo transformando coletivamente o entendimento das florestas tropicais e seus papĂ©is na biosfera. Juntos nĂłs descobrimos como, onde e por que o carbono e a biodiversidade da floresta estĂŁo respondendo Ă s mudanças climĂĄticas, e seus efeitos de retroalimentação. Esta duradoura colaboração pantropical revelou um grande sumidouro de carbono persistente e suas tendĂȘncias, assim como tem evidenciado quais os fatores que influenciam essas tendĂȘncias, quais processos florestais sĂŁo mais afetados, onde eles estĂŁo mudando, seus atrasos no tempo de resposta, e as provĂĄveis respostas das florestas tropicais conforme o clima continua a mudar. Dessa forma, aproveitando uma notĂĄvel tecnologia antiga, redes de parcelas acendem as faĂscas de uma moderna revolução na ciĂȘncia das florestas tropicais. No futuro a humanidade pode se beneficiar incentivando estas comunidades locais que agora sĂŁo coletivamente capazes de gerar conhecimentos Ășnicos e duradouros sobre as florestas mais preciosas da Terra. RĂ©sume: Les forĂȘts tropicales sont les Ă©cosystĂšmes les plus diversifiĂ©s et les plus productifs de la planĂšte. Si une meilleure comprĂ©hension de ces forĂȘts est essentielle pour notre avenir collectif, jusqu'Ă tout rĂ©cemment, les efforts dĂ©ployĂ©s pour les mesurer et les surveiller ont Ă©tĂ© largement dĂ©connectĂ©s. La mise en rĂ©seau est essentielle pour dĂ©couvrir les rĂ©ponses Ă des questions qui dĂ©passent les frontiĂšres et les horizons des organismes de financement. Nous montrons ici comment une communautĂ© mondiale relĂšve les dĂ©fis de la recherche sur les Ă©cosystĂšmes tropicaux avec diverses Ă©quipes qui mesurent les forĂȘts arbre aprĂšs arbre dans de milliers de parcelles permanentes. Nous passons en revue les principales dĂ©couvertes scientifiques de ces travaux et montrons comment ce processus modifie la science des forĂȘts tropicales. Notre approche principale consiste Ă relier les initiatives de base Ă long terme Ă des protocoles standardisĂ©s et une gestion de donnĂ©es afin de gĂ©nĂ©rer des rĂ©sultats solides Ă grande Ă©chelle. En reliant les chercheurs tropicaux et en Ă©levant leur statut, notre modĂšle de rĂ©seau de recherche sociale reconnaĂźt le rĂŽle clĂ© de l'auteur des donnĂ©es dans la dĂ©couverte scientifique. Conçus en 1999 avec RAINFOR (AmĂ©rique du Sud), nos rĂ©seaux de parcelles permanentes ont Ă©tĂ© adaptĂ©s Ă l'Afrique (AfriTRON) et Ă l'Asie du Sud-Est (T-FORCES) et largement imitĂ©s dans le monde entier. Ces multiples initiatives sont dĂ©sormais intĂ©grĂ©es via l'infrastructure ForestPlots.net, qui relie des collĂšgues de 54 pays Ă travers 24 rĂ©seaux de parcelles. Ensemble, elles transforment la comprĂ©hension des forĂȘts tropicales et de leur rĂŽle biosphĂ©rique. Ensemble, nous avons dĂ©couvert comment, oĂč et pourquoi le carbone forestier et la biodiversitĂ© rĂ©agissent au changement climatique, et comment ils y rĂ©agissent. Cette collaboration pan-tropicale Ă long terme a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© un important puits de carbone Ă long terme et ses tendances, tout en mettant en Ă©vidence les facteurs les plus importants, les processus forestiers qui sont affectĂ©s, les endroits oĂč ils changent, les dĂ©calages et les rĂ©actions futures probables des forĂȘts tropicales Ă mesure que le climat continue de changer. En tirant parti d'une technologie remarquablement ancienne, les rĂ©seaux de parcelles dĂ©clenchent une rĂ©volution trĂšs moderne dans la science des forĂȘts tropicales. Ă l'avenir, l'humanitĂ© pourra grandement bĂ©nĂ©ficier du soutien des communautĂ©s de base qui sont maintenant collectivement capables de gĂ©nĂ©rer une comprĂ©hension unique et Ă long terme des forĂȘts les plus prĂ©cieuses de la Terre. Abstrak: Hutan tropika adalah di antara ekosistem yang paling produktif dan mempunyai kepelbagaian biodiversiti yang tinggi di seluruh dunia. Walaupun pemahaman mengenai hutan tropika amat penting untuk masa depan kita, usaha-usaha untuk mengkaji dan mengawas hutah-hutan tersebut baru sekarang menjadi lebih diperhubungkan. Perangkaian adalah sangat penting untuk mencari jawapan kepada soalan-soalan yang menjangkaui sempadan dan batasan agensi pendanaan. Di sini kami menunjukkan bagaimana sebuah komuniti global bertindak balas terhadap cabaran penyelidikan ekosistem tropika melalui penglibatan pelbagai kumpulan yang mengukur hutan secara pokok demi pokok dalam beribu-ribu plot jangka panjang. Kami meninjau semula penemuan saintifik utama daripada kerja ini dan menunjukkan bagaimana proses ini sedang mengubah bidang sains hutan tropika. Teras pendekatan kami memberi tumpuan terhadap penghubungan inisiatif akar umbi jangka panjang dengan protokol standar serta pengurusan data untuk mendapatkan hasil skala besar yang kukuh. Dengan menghubungkan penyelidik-penyelidik tropika dan meningkatkan status mereka, model Rangkaian Penyelidikan Sosial kami mengiktiraf kepentingan peranan pengasas data dalam penemuan saintifik. Bermula dengan pengasasan RAINFOR (Amerika Selatan) pada tahun 1999, rangkaian-rangkaian plot kekal kami kemudian disesuaikan untuk Afrika (AfriTRON) dan Asia Tenggara (T-FORCES) dan selanjutnya telah banyak dicontohi di seluruh dunia. Kini, inisiatif-inisiatif tersebut disepadukan melalui infrastruktur siber ForestPlots.net yang menghubungkan rakan sekerja dari 54 negara di 24 buah rangkaian plot. Secara kolektif, rangkaian ini sedang mengubah pemahaman tentang hutan tropika dan peranannya dalam biosfera. Kami telah bekerjasama untuk menemukan bagaimana, di mana dan mengapa karbon serta biodiversiti hutan bertindak balas terhadap perubahan iklim dan juga bagaimana mereka saling bermaklum balas. Kolaborasi pan-tropika jangka panjang ini telah mendedahkan sebuah sinki karbon jangka panjang serta arah alirannya dan juga menjelaskan pemandu-pemandu perubahan yang terpenting, di mana dan bagaimana proses hutan terjejas, masa susul yang ada dan kemungkinan tindakbalas hutan tropika pada perubahan iklim secara berterusan di masa depan. Dengan memanfaatkan pendekatan lama, rangkaian plot sedang menyalakan revolusi yang amat moden dalam sains hutan tropika. Pada masa akan datang, manusia sejagat akan banyak mendapat manfaat jika memupuk komuniti-komuniti akar umbi yang kini berkemampuan secara kolektif menghasilkan pemahaman unik dan jangka panjang mengenai hutan-hutan yang paling berharga di dunia
Taking the pulse of Earth's tropical forests using networks of highly distributed plots
Tropical forests are the most diverse and productive ecosystems on Earth. While better understanding of these forests is critical for our collective future, until quite recently efforts to measure and monitor them have been largely disconnected. Networking is essential to discover the answers to questions that transcend borders and the horizons of funding agencies. Here we show how a global community is responding to the challenges of tropical ecosystem research with diverse teams measuring forests tree-by-tree in thousands of long-term plots. We review the major scientific discoveries of this work and show how this process is changing tropical forest science. Our core approach involves linking long-term grassroots initiatives with standardized protocols and data management to generate robust scaled-up results. By connecting tropical researchers and elevating their status, our Social Research Network model recognises the key role of the data originator in scientific discovery. Conceived in 1999 with RAINFOR (South America), our permanent plot networks have been adapted to Africa (AfriTRON) and Southeast Asia (T-FORCES) and widely emulated worldwide. Now these multiple initiatives are integrated via ForestPlots.net cyber-infrastructure, linking colleagues from 54 countries across 24 plot networks. Collectively these are transforming understanding of tropical forests and their biospheric role. Together we have discovered how, where and why forest carbon and biodiversity are responding to climate change, and how they feedback on it. This long-term pan-tropical collaboration has revealed a large long-term carbon sink and its trends, as well as making clear which drivers are most important, which forest processes are affected, where they are changing, what the lags are, and the likely future responses of tropical forests as the climate continues to change. By leveraging a remarkably old technology, plot networks are sparking a very modern revolution in tropical forest science. In the future, humanity can benefit greatly by nurturing the grassroots communities now collectively capable of generating unique, long-term understanding of Earth's most precious forests. Resumen: Los bosques tropicales son los ecosistemas mĂĄs diversos y productivos del mundo y entender su funcionamiento es crĂtico para nuestro futuro colectivo. Sin embargo, hasta hace muy poco, los esfuerzos para medirlos y monitorearlos han estado muy desconectados. El trabajo en redes es esencial para descubrir las respuestas a preguntas que trascienden las fronteras y los plazos de las agencias de financiamiento. AquĂ mostramos cĂłmo una comunidad global estĂĄ respondiendo a los desafĂos de la investigaciĂłn en ecosistemas tropicales a travĂ©s de diversos equipos realizando mediciones ĂĄrbol por ĂĄrbol en miles de parcelas permanentes de largo plazo. Revisamos los descubrimientos mĂĄs importantes de este trabajo y discutimos cĂłmo este proceso estĂĄ cambiando la ciencia relacionada a los bosques tropicales. El enfoque central de nuestro esfuerzo implica la conexiĂłn de iniciativas locales de largo plazo con protocolos estandarizados y manejo de datos para producir resultados que se puedan trasladar a mĂșltiples escalas. Conectando investigadores tropicales, elevando su posiciĂłn y estatus, nuestro modelo de Red Social de InvestigaciĂłn reconoce el rol fundamental que tienen, para el descubrimiento cientĂfico, quienes generan o producen los datos. Concebida en 1999 con RAINFOR (SuramĂ©rica), nuestras redes de parcelas permanentes han sido adaptadas en Ăfrica (AfriTRON) y el sureste asiĂĄtico (T-FORCES) y ampliamente replicadas en el mundo. Actualmente todas estas iniciativas estĂĄn integradas a travĂ©s de la ciber-infraestructura de ForestPlots.net, conectando colegas de 54 paĂses en 24 redes diferentes de parcelas. Colectivamente, estas redes estĂĄn transformando nuestro conocimiento sobre los bosques tropicales y el rol de Ă©stos en la biĂłsfera. Juntos hemos descubierto cĂłmo, dĂłnde y porquĂ© el carbono y la biodiversidad de los bosques tropicales estĂĄ respondiendo al cambio climĂĄtico y cĂłmo se retroalimentan. Esta colaboraciĂłn pan-tropical de largo plazo ha expuesto un gran sumidero de carbono y sus tendencias, mostrando claramente cuĂĄles son los factores mĂĄs importantes, quĂ© procesos se ven afectados, dĂłnde ocurren los cambios, los tiempos de reacciĂłn y las probables respuestas futuras mientras el clima continĂșa cambiando. Apalancando lo que realmente es una tecnologĂa antigua, las redes de parcelas estĂĄn generando una verdadera y moderna revoluciĂłn en la ciencia tropical. En el futuro, la humanidad puede beneficiarse enormemente si se nutren y cultivan comunidades de investigadores de base, actualmente con la capacidad de generar informaciĂłn Ășnica y de largo plazo para entender los que probablemente son los bosques mĂĄs preciados de la tierra. Resumo: Florestas tropicais sĂŁo os ecossistemas mais diversos e produtivos da Terra. Embora uma boa compreensĂŁo destas florestas seja crucial para o nosso futuro coletivo, atĂ© muito recentemente os esforços de mediçÔes e monitoramento tem sido amplamente desconexos. Ă essencial formarmos redes para obtermos respostas que transcendam as fronteiras e horizontes das agĂȘncias financiadoras. Neste estudo nĂłs mostramos como uma comunidade global estĂĄ respondendo aos desafios da pesquisa de ecossistemas tropicais, com equipes diversas medindo florestas, ĂĄrvore por ĂĄrvore, em milhares de parcelas monitoradas a longo prazo. NĂłs revisamos as maiores descobertas cientĂficas deste esforço global, e mostramos tambĂ©m como este processo vem mudando a ciĂȘncia de florestas tropicais. Nossa abordagem principal envolve unir iniciativas de base a protocolos padronizados e gerenciamento de dados a fim de gerar resultados robustos em grandes escalas. Ao conectar pesquisadores tropicais e elevar seus status, nosso modelo de Rede de Pesquisa Social reconhece o papel chave do produtor dos dados na descoberta cientĂfica. Concebida em 1999 com o RAINFOR (AmĂ©rica do Sul), nossa rede de parcelas permanentes foi adaptada para Ăfrica (AfriTRON) e Sudeste AsiĂĄtico (T-FORCES), e tem sido extensamente reproduzida em todo o mundo. Agora estas mĂșltiplas iniciativas estĂŁo integradas atravĂ©s da infraestrutura cibernĂ©tica do ForestPlots.net, conectando colegas de 54 paĂses e 24 redes de parcelas. Estas iniciativas estĂŁo transformando coletivamente o entendimento das florestas tropicais e seus papĂ©is na biosfera. Juntos nĂłs descobrimos como, onde e por que o carbono e a biodiversidade da floresta estĂŁo respondendo Ă s mudanças climĂĄticas, e seus efeitos de retroalimentação. Esta duradoura colaboração pantropical revelou um grande sumidouro de carbono persistente e suas tendĂȘncias, assim como tem evidenciado quais os fatores que influenciam essas tendĂȘncias, quais processos florestais sĂŁo mais afetados, onde eles estĂŁo mudando, seus atrasos no tempo de resposta, e as provĂĄveis respostas das florestas tropicais conforme o clima continua a mudar. Dessa forma, aproveitando uma notĂĄvel tecnologia antiga, redes de parcelas acendem as faĂscas de uma moderna revolução na ciĂȘncia das florestas tropicais. No futuro a humanidade pode se beneficiar incentivando estas comunidades locais que agora sĂŁo coletivamente capazes de gerar conhecimentos Ășnicos e duradouros sobre as florestas mais preciosas da Terra. RĂ©sume: Les forĂȘts tropicales sont les Ă©cosystĂšmes les plus diversifiĂ©s et les plus productifs de la planĂšte. Si une meilleure comprĂ©hension de ces forĂȘts est essentielle pour notre avenir collectif, jusqu'Ă tout rĂ©cemment, les efforts dĂ©ployĂ©s pour les mesurer et les surveiller ont Ă©tĂ© largement dĂ©connectĂ©s. La mise en rĂ©seau est essentielle pour dĂ©couvrir les rĂ©ponses Ă des questions qui dĂ©passent les frontiĂšres et les horizons des organismes de financement. Nous montrons ici comment une communautĂ© mondiale relĂšve les dĂ©fis de la recherche sur les Ă©cosystĂšmes tropicaux avec diverses Ă©quipes qui mesurent les forĂȘts arbre aprĂšs arbre dans de milliers de parcelles permanentes. Nous passons en revue les principales dĂ©couvertes scientifiques de ces travaux et montrons comment ce processus modifie la science des forĂȘts tropicales. Notre approche principale consiste Ă relier les initiatives de base Ă long terme Ă des protocoles standardisĂ©s et une gestion de donnĂ©es afin de gĂ©nĂ©rer des rĂ©sultats solides Ă grande Ă©chelle. En reliant les chercheurs tropicaux et en Ă©levant leur statut, notre modĂšle de rĂ©seau de recherche sociale reconnaĂźt le rĂŽle clĂ© de l'auteur des donnĂ©es dans la dĂ©couverte scientifique. Conçus en 1999 avec RAINFOR (AmĂ©rique du Sud), nos rĂ©seaux de parcelles permanentes ont Ă©tĂ© adaptĂ©s Ă l'Afrique (AfriTRON) et Ă l'Asie du Sud-Est (T-FORCES) et largement imitĂ©s dans le monde entier. Ces multiples initiatives sont dĂ©sormais intĂ©grĂ©es via l'infrastructure ForestPlots.net, qui relie des collĂšgues de 54 pays Ă travers 24 rĂ©seaux de parcelles. Ensemble, elles transforment la comprĂ©hension des forĂȘts tropicales et de leur rĂŽle biosphĂ©rique. Ensemble, nous avons dĂ©couvert comment, oĂč et pourquoi le carbone forestier et la biodiversitĂ© rĂ©agissent au changement climatique, et comment ils y rĂ©agissent. Cette collaboration pan-tropicale Ă long terme a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© un important puits de carbone Ă long terme et ses tendances, tout en mettant en Ă©vidence les facteurs les plus importants, les processus forestiers qui sont affectĂ©s, les endroits oĂč ils changent, les dĂ©calages et les rĂ©actions futures probables des forĂȘts tropicales Ă mesure que le climat continue de changer. En tirant parti d'une technologie remarquablement ancienne, les rĂ©seaux de parcelles dĂ©clenchent une rĂ©volution trĂšs moderne dans la science des forĂȘts tropicales. Ă l'avenir, l'humanitĂ© pourra grandement bĂ©nĂ©ficier du soutien des communautĂ©s de base qui sont maintenant collectivement capables de gĂ©nĂ©rer une comprĂ©hension unique et Ă long terme des forĂȘts les plus prĂ©cieuses de la Terre. Abstrak: Hutan tropika adalah di antara ekosistem yang paling produktif dan mempunyai kepelbagaian biodiversiti yang tinggi di seluruh dunia. Walaupun pemahaman mengenai hutan tropika amat penting untuk masa depan kita, usaha-usaha untuk mengkaji dan mengawas hutah-hutan tersebut baru sekarang menjadi lebih diperhubungkan. Perangkaian adalah sangat penting untuk mencari jawapan kepada soalan-soalan yang menjangkaui sempadan dan batasan agensi pendanaan. Di sini kami menunjukkan bagaimana sebuah komuniti global bertindak balas terhadap cabaran penyelidikan ekosistem tropika melalui penglibatan pelbagai kumpulan yang mengukur hutan secara pokok demi pokok dalam beribu-ribu plot jangka panjang. Kami meninjau semula penemuan saintifik utama daripada kerja ini dan menunjukkan bagaimana proses ini sedang mengubah bidang sains hutan tropika. Teras pendekatan kami memberi tumpuan terhadap penghubungan inisiatif akar umbi jangka panjang dengan protokol standar serta pengurusan data untuk mendapatkan hasil skala besar yang kukuh. Dengan menghubungkan penyelidik-penyelidik tropika dan meningkatkan status mereka, model Rangkaian Penyelidikan Sosial kami mengiktiraf kepentingan peranan pengasas data dalam penemuan saintifik. Bermula dengan pengasasan RAINFOR (Amerika Selatan) pada tahun 1999, rangkaian-rangkaian plot kekal kami kemudian disesuaikan untuk Afrika (AfriTRON) dan Asia Tenggara (T-FORCES) dan selanjutnya telah banyak dicontohi di seluruh dunia. Kini, inisiatif-inisiatif tersebut disepadukan melalui infrastruktur siber ForestPlots.net yang menghubungkan rakan sekerja dari 54 negara di 24 buah rangkaian plot. Secara kolektif, rangkaian ini sedang mengubah pemahaman tentang hutan tropika dan peranannya dalam biosfera. Kami telah bekerjasama untuk menemukan bagaimana, di mana dan mengapa karbon serta biodiversiti hutan bertindak balas terhadap perubahan iklim dan juga bagaimana mereka saling bermaklum balas. Kolaborasi pan-tropika jangka panjang ini telah mendedahkan sebuah sinki karbon jangka panjang serta arah alirannya dan juga menjelaskan pemandu-pemandu perubahan yang terpenting, di mana dan bagaimana proses hutan terjejas, masa susul yang ada dan kemungkinan tindakbalas hutan tropika pada perubahan iklim secara berterusan di masa depan. Dengan memanfaatkan pendekatan lama, rangkaian plot sedang menyalakan revolusi yang amat moden dalam sains hutan tropika. Pada masa akan datang, manusia sejagat akan banyak mendapat manfaat jika memupuk komuniti-komuniti akar umbi yang kini berkemampuan secara kolektif menghasilkan pemahaman unik dan jangka panjang mengenai hutan-hutan yang paling berharga di dunia
Taking the pulse of Earth's tropical forests using networks of highly distributed plots
Tropical forests are the most diverse and productive ecosystems on Earth. While better understanding of these forests is critical for our collective future, until quite recently efforts to measure and monitor them have been largely disconnected. Networking is essential to discover the answers to questions that transcend borders and the horizons of funding agencies. Here we show how a global community is responding to the challenges of tropical ecosystem research with diverse teams measuring forests tree-by-tree in thousands of long-term plots. We review the major scientific discoveries of this work and show how this process is changing tropical forest science. Our core approach involves linking long-term grassroots initiatives with standardized protocols and data management to generate robust scaled-up results. By connecting tropical researchers and elevating their status, our Social Research Network model recognises the key role of the data originator in scientific discovery. Conceived in 1999 with RAINFOR (South America), our permanent plot networks have been adapted to Africa (AfriTRON) and Southeast Asia (T-FORCES) and widely emulated worldwide. Now these multiple initiatives are integrated via ForestPlots.net cyber-infrastructure, linking colleagues from 54 countries across 24 plot networks. Collectively these are transforming understanding of tropical forests and their biospheric role. Together we have discovered how, where and why forest carbon and biodiversity are responding to climate change, and how they feedback on it. This long-term pan-tropical collaboration has revealed a large long-term carbon sink and its trends, as well as making clear which drivers are most important, which forest processes are affected, where they are changing, what the lags are, and the likely future responses of tropical forests as the climate continues to change. By leveraging a remarkably old technology, plot networks are sparking a very modern revolution in tropical forest science. In the future, humanity can benefit greatly by nurturing the grassroots communities now collectively capable of generating unique, long-term understanding of Earth's most precious forests
Taking the pulse of Earth\u27s tropical forests using networks of highly distributed plots
Tropical forests are the most diverse and productive ecosystems on Earth. While better understanding of these forests is critical for our collective future, until quite recently efforts to measure and monitor them have been largely disconnected. Networking is essential to discover the answers to questions that transcend borders and the horizons of funding agencies. Here we show how a global community is responding to the challenges of tropical ecosystem research with diverse teams measuring forests tree-by-tree in thousands of long-term plots. We review the major scientific discoveries of this work and show how this process is changing tropical forest science. Our core approach involves linking long-term grassroots initiatives with standardized protocols and data management to generate robust scaled-up results. By connecting tropical researchers and elevating their status, our Social Research Network model recognises the key role of the data originator in scientific discovery. Conceived in 1999 with RAINFOR (South America), our permanent plot networks have been adapted to Africa (AfriTRON) and Southeast Asia (T-FORCES) and widely emulated worldwide. Now these multiple initiatives are integrated via ForestPlots.net cyber-infrastructure, linking colleagues from 54 countries across 24 plot networks. Collectively these are transforming understanding of tropical forests and their biospheric role. Together we have discovered how, where and why forest carbon and biodiversity are responding to climate change, and how they feedback on it. This long-term pan-tropical collaboration has revealed a large long-term carbon sink and its trends, as well as making clear which drivers are most important, which forest processes are affected, where they are changing, what the lags are, and the likely future responses of tropical forests as the climate continues to change. By leveraging a remarkably old technology, plot networks are sparking a very modern revolution in tropical forest science. In the future, humanity can benefit greatly by nurturing the grassroots communities now collectively capable of generating unique, long-term understanding of Earth\u27s most precious forests
Evaluation of a quality improvement intervention to reduce anastomotic leak following right colectomy (EAGLE): pragmatic, batched stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized trial in 64 countries
Background
Anastomotic leak affects 8 per cent of patients after right colectomy with a 10-fold increased risk of postoperative death. The EAGLE study aimed to develop and test whether an international, standardized quality improvement intervention could reduce anastomotic leaks.
Methods
The internationally intended protocol, iteratively co-developed by a multistage Delphi process, comprised an online educational module introducing risk stratification, an intraoperative checklist, and harmonized surgical techniques. Clusters (hospital teams) were randomized to one of three arms with varied sequences of intervention/data collection by a derived stepped-wedge batch design (at least 18 hospital teams per batch). Patients were blinded to the study allocation. Low- and middle-income country enrolment was encouraged. The primary outcome (assessed by intention to treat) was anastomotic leak rate, and subgroup analyses by module completion (at least 80 per cent of surgeons, high engagement; less than 50 per cent, low engagement) were preplanned.
Results
A total 355 hospital teams registered, with 332 from 64 countries (39.2 per cent low and middle income) included in the final analysis. The online modules were completed by half of the surgeons (2143 of 4411). The primary analysis included 3039 of the 3268 patients recruited (206 patients had no anastomosis and 23 were lost to follow-up), with anastomotic leaks arising before and after the intervention in 10.1 and 9.6 per cent respectively (adjusted OR 0.87, 95 per cent c.i. 0.59 to 1.30; P = 0.498). The proportion of surgeons completing the educational modules was an influence: the leak rate decreased from 12.2 per cent (61 of 500) before intervention to 5.1 per cent (24 of 473) after intervention in high-engagement centres (adjusted OR 0.36, 0.20 to 0.64; P < 0.001), but this was not observed in low-engagement hospitals (8.3 per cent (59 of 714) and 13.8 per cent (61 of 443) respectively; adjusted OR 2.09, 1.31 to 3.31).
Conclusion
Completion of globally available digital training by engaged teams can alter anastomotic leak rates. Registration number: NCT04270721 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov)