Lime burning in clamp kilns in Scotland's Western Central Belt: primitive industry or simple but perfectly adequate technology?

Lime is a fundamental component in many industrial, agricultural and chemical processes, and is itself produced by an industrial process, namely, the heating in kilns (calcining, or more colloquially ‘burning’) of calcium carbonate rock or other carbonate material. Research and literature on lime burning in Scotland, based largely on lime production in Scotland's eastern Central Belt, are dominated by the view that lime burning in draw kilns is the paradigm for Scottish lime production. Other parts of Scotland, however, largely or completely ignored, draw kilns in favour of simpler clamp kilns, even in major industrial sites of lime production. This paper reports our map- and field-based surveys in Scotland's western Central Belt, which clearly point to the enduring importance and almost exclusive use of clamp kilns in that area's historical lime-burning industry

Measurement technique for microwave surface resistance of additive manufactured metals

Additive manufactured (AM) metals are a subject of much interest for their performance in passive microwave applications. However, limitations could arise due to artifacts, such as surface texture and/or roughness resulting from the manufacturing process. We have, therefore, adopted a parallel plate microwave resonator for the accurate measurement of the surface resistance of flat metal plates, allowing for microwave current flow in two orthogonal directions by simply exciting a different resonant mode (at 5.3 and 6.4 GHz), without the need to remove and refix the sample. The systematic and random errors associated with the measurement of surface resistance are very small, less than 1% and 0.1%, respectively. The technique is demonstrated with measurements on a range of samples of the alloys, AlSi10Mg and Ti6Al4V, manufactured by laser powder bed fusion, in addition to traditionally machined samples of bulk metal alloys of aluminum and brass. For AM samples of AlSi10Mg, we have studied the effect on the surface resistance of directional roughness features, generated by the laser raster paths, in directions transverse or parallel to microwave current flow. Importantly for passive microwave device applications, we demonstrate that these samples exhibit no systematic anisotropy of surface resistance associated with such surface features

Engineering Redox Flow Battery Electrodes with Spatially Varying Porosity Using Non-Solvent-Induced Phase Separation

Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are a promising electrochemical platform for efficiently and reliably delivering electricity to the grid. Within the RFB, porous carbonaceous electrodes facilitate electrochemical reactions and distribute the flowing electrolyte. Tailoring electrode microstructure and surface area can improve RFB performance, lowering costs. Electrodes with spatially varying porosity may increase electrode utilization and provide surface area in reaction-limited zones; however, the efficacy of such designs remains an open area of research. Herein, a non-solvent-induced phase-separation (NIPS) technique that enables the reproducible synthesis of macrovoid-free electrodes with well-defined across-thickness porosity gradients is described. The monotonically varying porosity profile is quantified and the physical properties and surface chemistries of porosity-gradient electrodes are compared with macrovoid-containing electrode, also synthesized by NIPS. Then, the electrochemical and fluid dynamic performance of the porosity-gradient electrodes is evaluated, exploring the effect of changing the direction of the porosity gradient and benchmarking against the macrovoid-containing electrode. Lastly, the performance is examined in a vanadium RFB, finding that the porosity-gradient electrode outperforms the macrovoid electrode, is independent of gradient direction, and performs favorably compared to advanced electrodes in the contemporary literature. It is anticipated that the approach motivates further exploration of microstructurally tailored electrodes in electrochemical systems.</p

Instrumental and affective influences on public trust and police legitimacy in Spain

Two approaches to the nature and sources of public trust and police legitimacy can be distinguished: the instrumental and the affective. On the rst account, people trust in police when they judge it effective in enforcing the law and ghting crime; and they hold police more legitimate when they believe these things to be true. On the second account, trust and legitimacy are bound up with relational concerns about the quality of police behavior, and expressive factors relating to the perceived ability of communities and police to maintain and reproduce social cohesion and order. Studies in Anglophone contexts tend to conclude that this 'affective' account provides greater explanatory power. This paper explores these ideas in a new context. Using data from a nation- wide survey conducted in Spain we examine: (a) the relative strength of instrumental or affective predictors of trust; and (b) whether trust in police fairness is a more or less important predictor of legitimacy than trust in police effectiveness. Adding to the weight of international evidence concerning the ways people think about and experience policing, evidence for the primacy of the affective account is presented

Estudio de la Gestión del Compromiso y Cultura Organizacional de FLACSO

The purpose of the study is to analyze the organizational culture and the commitment of the FLACSO collaborators, using as a research instrument a questionnaire generated on the variables of interest, in order to use the statistical correlation technique to identify the type of culture that prevails and the type of management practices - commitment that can strengthen it, providing knowledge in the field with evidence of the possible paths that human talent professionals should take in modeling the culture of an organization.El propósito del estudio es analizar la cultura organizacional y el compromiso de los colaboradores de FLACSO, empleando como instrumento de investigación un cuestionario generado sobre las variables de interés, para a través de la técnica estadística de correlación identificar el tipo de cultura que predomina y el tipo de prácticas de gestión &nbsp;- compromiso que pueden fortalecerla, aportando al conocimiento en el campo con evidencia de los posibles caminos que deben tomar los profesionales de talento humano en el modelamiento de la cultura de una organización

From the Air to the Atomic Level of a Ditch: Integrating Geophysical and Geochemical Survey Methods at the Prehistoric Cropmark Complex of Forteviot (Perthshire, Scotland)

It is generally appreciated that the detection of archaeological features through geophysical survey can vary depending on local geological and soil conditions; however, the influence of these variables has rarely been explained satisfactorily. Presented here are the results of a comparative analysis exploring the relationship between soil chemistry and the detection of archaeological features by routine geophysical survey techniques over a cropmark site in Perthshire, Scotland. The results not only provide a nuanced understanding of the character of the archaeological features surveyed, but also begin to develop a better understanding of how the setting of a site may affect geophysical and geochemical datasets. This case study forms part of a NERC PhD project that investigates the integration of geophysical and geochemical methods at five contrasting archaeological sites in Scotland

Evaluating the coefficient of thermal expansion of additive manufactured AlSi10Mg using microwave techniques

In this paper we have used laser powder bed fusion (PBF) to manufacture and characterize metal microwave components. Here we focus on a 2.5 GHz microwave cavity resonator, manufactured by PBF from the alloy AlSi10Mg. Of particular interest is its thermal expansion coefficient, especially since many microwave applications for PBF produced components will be in satellite systems where extreme ranges of temperature are experienced. We exploit the inherent resonant frequency dependence on cavity geometry, using a number of TM cavity modes, to determine the thermal expansion coefficient over the temperature range 6–450 K. Our results compare well with literature values and show that the material under test exhibits lower thermal expansion when compared with a bulk aluminium alloy alternative (6063)

Evaluating the coefficient of thermal expansion of additive manufactured AlSi10Mg using microwave techniques

In this paper we have used laser powder bed fusion (PBF) to manufacture and characterize metal microwave components. Here we focus on a 2.5 GHz microwave cavity resonator, manufactured by PBF from the alloy AlSi10Mg. Of particular interest is its thermal expansion coefficient, especially since many microwave applications for PBF produced components will be in satellite systems where extreme ranges of temperature are experienced. We exploit the inherent resonant frequency dependence on cavity geometry, using a number of TM cavity modes, to determine the thermal expansion coefficient over the temperature range 6–450 K. Our results compare well with literature values and show that the material under test exhibits lower thermal expansion when compared with a bulk aluminium alloy alternative (6063)

Robot-Assisted Radical Cystectomy with Intra-Corporeal Neo-Bladder

The purpose of this chapter is to provide a step-by-step description of the robot-assisted radical cystectomy with an intra-corporeal neo-bladder technique and a recent review of its outcomes. The procedure is also known as anterior pelvic exenteration or cysto-prostatectomy in the case of female or male respectively. Radical cystectomy (RC) is the gold standard treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer, but there are also several surgical indications for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. In the past years, minimally invasive surgery and the da Vinci system technology have played a major role in this procedure, with description of brand-new techniques and specific approaches for the creation of a continent urinary reservoir. The following chapter provides a detailed description of the robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) with Y-shaped intra-corporeal bladder as well as a literary review of distinct perioperative, functional and oncological outcomes from the available RARC randomized controlled trials. Despite its high cost and complexity, the intra-corporeal technique has become widely popular around the world and is used more frequently each time. The described data in this chapter, demonstrates that morbidity can be reduced whilst simultaneously offer non-inferior oncological results and less intraoperative blood loss in contrast to the open RC approach

Sensing Archaeology in the North: The Use of Non-Destructive Geophysical and Remote Sensing Methods in Archaeology in Scandinavian and North Atlantic Territories

In August 2018, a group of experts working with terrestrial/marine geophysics and remote sensing methods to explore archaeological sites in Denmark, Finland, Norway, Scotland and Sweden gathered together for the first time at the Workshop ‘Sensing Archaeology in The North’. The goal was to exchange experiences, discuss challenges, and consider future directions for further developing these methods and strategies for their use in archaeology. After the event, this special journal issue was arranged to publish papers that are based on the workshop presentations, but also to incorporate work that is produced by other researchers in the field. This paper closes the special issue and further aims to provide current state-of-the-art for the methods represented by the workshop. Here, we introduce the aspects that inspired the organisation of the meeting, a summary of the 12 presentations and eight paper contributions, as well as a discussion about the main outcomes of the workshop roundtables, including the production of two searchable databases (online resources and equipment). We conclude with the position that the ‘North’, together with its unique cultural heritage and thriving research community, is at the forefront of good practice in the application and development of sensing methods in archaeological research and management. However, further method development is required, so we claim the support of funding bodies to back research efforts based on testing/experimental studies to: explore unknown survey environments and identify optimal survey conditions, as well as to monitor the preservation of archaeological remains, especially those that are at risk. It is demonstrated that remote sensing and geophysics not only have an important role in the safeguarding of archaeological sites from development and within prehistorical-historical research, but the methods can be especially useful in recording and monitoring the increased impact of climate change on sites in the North