Fenologia, banco de sementes e produção de mudas de Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Roem. & Schult.) T.D.Penn.

The removal vegetation coverage stands out as one of the most serious environmental problems in different parts of the world, and in Brazil this is no exception. The Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Roem. & Schult.) T.D.Penn., belongs to the Sapotaceae Juss. Family, is an important species that is currently threatened in the Caatinga biome, which despite that fact, there is lack of studies focused in this species, especially regarding the phenology, natural regeneration and seedling production. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the different phenological stages, the soil seed bank, the influence of different substrates and shade levels on the production of S. obtusifolium seedlings. Four experiments were carried out: I - phenology: carried out in the rural area of Boa Vista - PB, with 26 individuals of the species, evaluated every 15 days for 30 months. phenological stages of budding, flowering, fruitification and senescence of the species were correlated with the climatic data of the municipality (rainfall, temperature and relative humidity); II - seed bank: carried out with two soil samples collected from the same area where the phenological evaluations were carried out, evaluating the floristic composition, density (relative and absolute), diversity of Shannon- Weaver (H ') and Pielou equability (e'); III - production of S. obtusifolium seedlings in different substrates: carried out in a protected environment of the Departamento de Fitotecnia e Ciências Ambientais do Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal da Paraíba (DFCA-CCA/UFPB), where were evaluated 13 substrates formulated from washed sand, bovine manure, subsoil, kaolin waste and Basaplant® (commercial substrate); IV - growth of S. obtusifolium seedlings at different levels of shade: at the forest nursery of the Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal (CCA-UFPB), using the following shading levels: 0, 30, 50 and 70% shade. The variables evaluated in the production of seedlings were: height, stem diameter, height/stem diameter ratio, absolute height growth rate, absolute diameter growth rate, number of branches, root length, height/ root length ratio, shoot dry matter (stem, branches, leaves), root dry matter, total dry matter, shoot and root dry matter ratio (stem, branches, leaves), Dickson quality index and percentage of leaves and roots. There was no significant effect between the phenological characteristics evaluated and the environmental variables (temperature, humidity), with a strong oscillation in intensity and in the activity index. During ix the evaluation periods, senescence occurred in all individuals of S. obtusifolium. The peak of the intensity of the phenological stages of budding, floral bud, flowering and fruitification was less than 60%. In the seed bank of the studied area, 58 species were identified, distributed in 49 genera and 23 families, with predominance of herbaceous species, and belonging to the Fabaceae family. The S. obtusifolium species was not found in any of the soil samples. For the production of seedlings, kaolin waste and bovine manure are indicated, while pure subsoil associated with washed sand is not recommended. The production of seedlings of the species can be carried out under full sun or with up to 15% of shading, without significant losses in the seedlings vigor.A remoção da cobertura vegetal destaca-se como um dos sérios problemas ambientais em diferentes partes do mundo e, no Brasil, isto não constitui exceção. A Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Roem. & Schult.) T.D.Penn., pertencente à família Sapotaceae Juss. é uma importante espécie que se encontra ameaçada no bioma Caatinga, mesmo assim há carências de estudos voltados para a mesma, sobretudo com relação à fenologia, regeneração natural e produção de mudas. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se avaliar as diferentes fenofases, o banco de sementes do solo, a influência de diferentes substratos e os níveis de sombreamento na produção de mudas de S. obtusifolium. Para tanto, foram realizados quatro experimentos, a seguir relacionados: I - fenologia: conduzido na zona rural do município de Boa Vista - PB com 26 indivíduos da espécie, avaliados a cada quinze dias durante 30 meses. As fenofases de brotamento, floração, frutificação e senescência da espécie foram correlacionadas com os dados climáticos do município (precipitação pluvial, temperatura e umidade relativa do ar); II - banco de sementes: realizado com duas coletas de solo provenientes da mesma área onde foi realizada as avaliações fenológicas, procedendo-se com a avaliação da composição florística, densidades (relativa e absoluta), diversidade de Shannon-Weaver (H´) e equabilidade de Pielou (e´); III - produção de mudas de S. obtusifolium em diferentes substratos: realizado em ambiente protegido do Departamento de Fitotecnia e Ciências Ambientais do Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal da Paraíba (DFCA-CCA/UFPB), onde foram avaliados 13 substratos formulados a partir de areia lavada, esterco bovino, terra de subsolo, rejeito de caulim e Basaplant® (substrato comercial); IV - crescimento de mudas de S. obtusifolium em diferentes níveis de sombreamento: realizado no viveiro florestal do Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal (CCA-UFPB), sendo considerados os seguintes níveis de sombreamento: 0, 30, 50 e 70% de sombra. As variáveis avaliadas nos trabalhos de produção de mudas foram: altura, diâmetro do colo, relação altura/diâmetro do colo, taxa de crescimento absoluto de altura, taxa de crescimento absoluto de diâmetro, número de ramos, comprimento da raiz, relação altura/comprimento da raiz, massa seca da parte aérea (caule, ramos e folhas) e da raiz, massa seca total, relação entre a massa seca da parte aérea e de raízes, índice de qualidade de Dickson e porcentagem de folhas e raízes. Não houve efeito vii significativo entre as características fenológicas avaliadas e as variáveis ambientais (temperatura, umidade), com forte oscilação na intensidade e no índice de atividade. Durante os períodos de avaliação ocorreu senescência em todos os indivíduos de S. obtusifolium. O pico da intensidade das fenofases brotamento, botão floral, floração e frutificação foi inferior a 60%. No banco de sementes da área estudada foram reconhecidas 58 espécies, distribuídas em 49 gêneros e 23 famílias, com predominância de espécies herbáceas, assim como pertencentes à família Fabaceae. A espécie S. obtusifolium não foi constatada em nenhuma das coletas de solo. Para a produção de mudas, o rejeito de caulim e o esterco bovino são indicados, enquanto que a terra de subsolo pura e associada apenas com areia lavada não é adequada. A produção de mudas da espécie pode ser realizada em pleno sol ou com até 15% de sombreamento, sem perdas significativas no seu vigor

ESTRESSE SALINO NA QUALIDADE FISIOLÓGICA DE SEMENTES DE Cryptostegia madagascariensis Bojer ex Decne.

The Cryptostegia madagascariensis Bojer ex Decne. species was introduced in Brazil with ornamental purposes, but currently, it is invasive in several ecosystems of the Caatinga biome. Despite its high level of occupancy of altered areas of Caatinga, there is lack of information about this species, particularly in relation to the capacity of its seeds to germinate in adverse conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate seed germination and the initial seedling growth of Cryptostegia madagascariensis in function of salinity at different temperatures. The experiment was conducted following a completely randomized design, with treatments arranged in a 6 x 3 factorial design with six salinity levels promoted by sodium chloride (NaCl): 0.0 (control); 2.0; 4.0; 6.0; 8.0 and 10.0 dS m-1 and three temperatures: 25 and 30°C constant and alternating 20-35°C. The physiological quality of seeds was evaluated using the following variables: germination, first count and the speed of germination index, length and dry weight of roots and hypocotyl. The results indicate that there is high probability of seed germination of Cryptostegia madagascariensis subjected to salt stress at constant temperature of 30°C and alternating 20-35°C, which enhances its invasive character.A espécie Cryptostegia madagascariensis Bojer ex Decne. foi introduzida no Brasil com fins ornamentais, mas, atualmente, é uma invasora em vários ecossistemas do bioma Caatinga. Apesar de sua elevada capacidade de ocupação de áreas alteradas do referido bioma, há carência de informações sobre esta espécie, particularmente em relação à capacidade de suas sementes germinarem em condições adversas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a germinação de sementes e o crescimento inicial de plântulas de Cryptostegia madagascariensis em função da salinidade em diferentes temperaturas. O experimento foi realizado seguindo um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com os tratamentos distribuídos em esquema fatorial 6 x 3, sendo seis níveis de salinidade promovidos pelo cloreto de sódio (NaCl): 0,0 (controle); 2,0; 4,0; 6,0; 8,0 e 10,0 dS m-1; e três temperaturas: 25 e 30°C constantes e alternada de 20-35°C. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes foi avaliada pelas seguintes variáveis: germinação, primeira contagem e índice de velocidade de germinação, comprimento e massa seca de raízes e do hipocótilo. Os resultados obtidos indicam que há elevada probabilidade de germinação de sementes de Cryptostegia madagascariensis submetidas a estresse salino em temperatura constante de 30°C e alternada de 20-35°C, o que potencializa o seu caráter invasor

Conservação de sementes de marizeiro Geoffroea spinosa Jacq. utilizando diferentes embalagens e ambientes

Geoffroea striata M., commonly known as marizeiro in Brazil, is an important tree species, mainly because it is adapted to riparian forest conditions in semi-arid and associated ecosystems. The species occur in large areas of northeastern Brazil and in the São Francisco river valley, always restricted to seasonally flooded environments. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different types of packaging and storage periods, as well the influence of environments on the process of seed germination and vigor of Geoffroea striata. The experiment was carried out at the Laboratory of Plant Ecology - CCA//UFPB, following a completely randomized design. The seeds were distributed among two environments (natural conditions in the laboratory and cold room), packed in two types of packaging (paper bags and plastic bags) for five periods of storage: 0; 15; 30; 60 and 90 days. Water content, the emergence velocity index, dry weight and length of seedlings were evaluated. The data were submitted to a polynomial regression analysis. In plastic packaging and the environment of the cold room there was less reduction of viability and vigor during storage. Seeds packed in paper bags and stored in a laboratory rapidly lost viability and vigor, after 30 days of storage.O marizeiro (Geoffroea spinosa Jacq.) é uma espécie florestal importante, sobretudo por ser adaptada às condições de matas ciliares do semi-árido e ecossistemas associados, ocorrendo em vastas áreas do Nordeste brasileiro e no vale do rio São Francisco, sempre restrita a ambientes sazonalmente inundados. Este trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar o efeito de diferentes tipos de embalagens e do período de armazenamento sobre o processo germinativo e o vigor de sementes de Geoffroea spinosa Jacq. acondicionadas também em diferentes ambientes. O experimento foi instalado no Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal do CCA/UFPB, seguindo um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. As sementes foram distribuídas em dois ambientes (condições naturais, no laboratório e câmara fria), acondicionadas em dois tipos de embalagens (sacos de papel e sacos plásticos) durante cinco períodos de armazenamento: 0, 15, 30, 60 e 90 dias. Foram avaliados o teor de água, o índice de velocidade de emergência, a massa seca e o comprimento de plântulas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de regressão polinomial. Na embalagem plástica e no ambiente de câmara fria, houve menor redução da viabilidade e do vigor ao longo do armazenamento. As sementes acondicionadas em sacos de papel e armazenadas em ambiente de laboratório perderam rapidamente a viabilidade e o vigor a partir dos 30 dias de armazenamento

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Generalidades sobre o quadro clínico da Rinossinusite: uma revisão narrativa de literatura: Generalities about the clinical picture of Rhinosinusitis: a narrative literature reviewv

A rinossinusite é um processo inflamatório da mucosa dos seios paranasais e da cavidade nasal. O sistema nasossinusal é responsável pelo balanço adequado entre a fabricação e o clearence de muco nas cavidades paranasais. A fisiologia deste é de vital importância para a proteção das vias aéreas superiores. No advém, determinados fatores podem acarretar um desbalanço nesse complexo, consequentemente um processo inflamatório. Qualquer fator que altere a drenagem, seja por obstrução, maior produção ou espessamento do muco, como processo infecciosos ou alérgicos, haverá uma impactação de secreções e a facilitação de colonização bacteriana, dando início ao processo infeccioso. A identificação da inflamação do nariz e seios paranasais é basicamente clínica. A suspeição desta ocorre através da manifestação de dois ou mais sintomatologias. As quais são o bloqueio ou obstrução nasal, a descarga nasal, pressão ou dor facial e redução ou perda do olfato. De modo geral, é essencial à prevenção básica das rinossinusites agudas é barrar a infecção viral. O suporte inclui medidas gerais de higiene, alimentação e hidratação, imunização para o combate de vírus respiratórios , administração de fármacos para turbinar o sistema imune se necessário

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil: setting the baseline knowledge on the animal diversity in Brazil

The limited temporal completeness and taxonomic accuracy of species lists, made available in a traditional manner in scientific publications, has always represented a problem. These lists are invariably limited to a few taxonomic groups and do not represent up-to-date knowledge of all species and classifications. In this context, the Brazilian megadiverse fauna is no exception, and the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil (CTFB) (http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/), made public in 2015, represents a database on biodiversity anchored on a list of valid and expertly recognized scientific names of animals in Brazil. The CTFB is updated in near real time by a team of more than 800 specialists. By January 1, 2024, the CTFB compiled 133,691 nominal species, with 125,138 that were considered valid. Most of the valid species were arthropods (82.3%, with more than 102,000 species) and chordates (7.69%, with over 11,000 species). These taxa were followed by a cluster composed of Mollusca (3,567 species), Platyhelminthes (2,292 species), Annelida (1,833 species), and Nematoda (1,447 species). All remaining groups had less than 1,000 species reported in Brazil, with Cnidaria (831 species), Porifera (628 species), Rotifera (606 species), and Bryozoa (520 species) representing those with more than 500 species. Analysis of the CTFB database can facilitate and direct efforts towards the discovery of new species in Brazil, but it is also fundamental in providing the best available list of valid nominal species to users, including those in science, health, conservation efforts, and any initiative involving animals. The importance of the CTFB is evidenced by the elevated number of citations in the scientific literature in diverse areas of biology, law, anthropology, education, forensic science, and veterinary science, among others