1,446 research outputs found

    The impact of foreign aid on aggregate welfare measures : a panel data analysis

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    Does foreign aid enhance aggregate human welfare? This paper attempts to answer this question by using a panel of twenty-eight countries, covering the period from 1990 to 2014. It explores intra-country variation by splitting the sample into low-income and middle-income countries. Combined with the fixed effects estimator, these approaches sought to control for the heterogeneity of the effects of aid on welfare measures. Perhaps surprisingly, there was no evidence that foreign aid contributes to the reduction of infant mortality or increase of human development index.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    In Situ Visualization of Performance Data in Parallel CFD Applications

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    This thesis summarizes the work of the author on visualization of performance data in parallel Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. Current performance analysis tools are unable to show their data on top of complex simulation geometries (e.g. an aircraft engine). But in CFD simulations, performance is expected to be affected by the computations being carried out, which in turn are tightly related to the underlying computational grid. Therefore it is imperative that performance data is visualized on top of the same computational geometry which they originate from. However, performance tools have no native knowledge of the underlying mesh of the simulation. This scientific gap can be filled by merging the branches of HPC performance analysis and in situ visualization of CFD simulations data, which shall be done by integrating existing, well established state-of-the-art tools from each field. In this threshold, an extension for the open-source performance tool Score-P was designed and developed, which intercepts an arbitrary number of manually selected code regions (mostly functions) and send their respective measurements – amount of executions and cumulative time spent – to the visualization software ParaView – through its in situ library, Catalyst –, as if they were any other flow-related variable. Subsequently the tool was extended with the capacity to also show communication data (messages sent between MPI ranks) on top of the CFD mesh. Testing and evaluation are done with two industry-grade codes: Rolls-Royce’s CFD code, Hydra, and Onera, DLR and Airbus’ CFD code, CODA. On the other hand, it has been also noticed that the current performance tools have limited capacity of displaying their data on top of three-dimensional, framed (i.e. time-stepped) representations of the cluster’s topology. Parallel to that, in order for the approach not to be limited to codes which already have the in situ adapter, it was extended to take the performance data and display it – also in codes without in situ – on a three-dimensional, framed representation of the hardware resources being used by the simulation. Testing is done with the Multi-Grid and Block Tri-diagonal NAS Parallel Benchmarks (NPB), as well as with Hydra and CODA again. The benchmarks are used to explain how the new visualizations work, while real performance analyses are done with the industry-grade CFD codes. The proposed solution is able to provide concrete performance insights, which would not have been reached with the current performance tools and which motivated beneficial changes in the respective source code in real life. Finally, its overhead is discussed and proven to be suitable for usage with CFD codes. The dissertation provides a valuable addition to the state of the art of highly parallel CFD performance analysis and serves as basis for further suggested research directions

    Advances in materials science and engineering assessment of gamma radiation hazards related to geologic materials: comparison of results by field gamma spectrometry and laboratory methods

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    Geologic materials are a potential source of external gamma radiation in buildings due to the presence of radioisotopes (K-40 and isotopes from U and Th decay families). The contents of these radioisotopes can be evaluated by laboratory analyses that require the extraction of samples, with associated financial and time constraints, and it is also difficult to perform on materials already applied in existing structures. In this work, portable gamma spectrometry results are compared with laboratory analyses in terms of radioisotopes estimations, and the activity concentration index is calculated from them (which assess the conjoint contribution of the different radioisotopes to the external gamma radiation). The studied objects are rocks and their "in situ" weathering products. The results obtained indicate that despite several problems posed by field measurements with portable gamma spectrometry, namely, in terms of the geometric characteristics of the objects measured, this technique has the potential to identify materials with different hazard levels related to external gamma radiation.The Lab2PT-Landscapes, Heritage and Territory laboratory-AUR/04509 is supported by the Portuguese "Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia" (Portuguese funds and where applicable the FEDER co-financing, in the aim of the new partnership agreement PT2020 and COMPETE2020-POCI 01 0145 FEDER 007528). The University Institute of Geology of the University of A Coruna (Spain) received support from Xunta de Galicia with funds from "Consolidacion y estructuracion de unidades de investigacion competitivas-Grupo de potencial de crecimiento" (GPC2015/024). The authors would like to thank A. Pinto, F. Dias, M. Cunha, and P. Pereira for help during the field work

    Vacinação infantil e tomada de decisão por pais de alta escolaridade

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    OBJECTIVE To analyze the sociocultural aspects involved in the decision-making process of vaccination in upper-class and highly educated families. METHODS A qualitative approach based on in-depth interviews with 15 couples from the city of Sao Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, falling into three categories: vaccinators, late or selective vaccinators, and nonvaccinators. The interpretation of produced empirical material was performed through content analysis. RESULTS The study showed diverse and particular aspects surrounding the three groups’ decisions whether to vaccinate their children. The vaccinators’ decision to vaccinate their children was spontaneous and raised no questions. Most late or selective vaccinators experienced a wide range of situations that were instrumental in the decision to delay or not apply certain vaccines. The nonvaccinator’s decision-making process expressed a broader context of both criticism of hegemonic obstetric practices in Brazil and access to information transmitted via social networks and the internet. The data showed that the problematization of vaccines (culminating in the decision to not vaccinate their children) occurred in the context of humanized birth, was protagonized by women and was greatly influenced by health information from the internet. CONCLUSIONS Sociocultural aspects of the singular Brazilian context and the contemporary society were involved in the decision-making on children’s vaccination. Understanding this process can provide a real basis for a deeper reflection on health and immunization practices in Brazil in light of the new contexts and challenges of the world today.OBJETIVO Analisar os aspectos socioculturais envolvidos no processo de tomada de decisão da vacinação em famílias de alta renda e escolaridade. MÉTODOS Abordagem qualitativa, com uso de técnica de entrevista em profundidade, realizada com 15 casais residentes na cidade de São Paulo, SP, alocados em três grupos: vacinadores, vacinadores tardios ou seletivos e não vacinadores. O percurso analítico-interpretativo do material empírico foi realizado por meio da análise de conteúdo. RESULTADOS O estudo encontrou diversidades e particularidades frente à decisão de (não) vacinação infantil nos três grupos. Nos casais vacinadores, a decisão em vacinar os filhos apresentou-se sem questionamentos. A maioria dos vacinadores tardios ou seletivos vivenciaram diferentes situações que foram determinantes para a decisão de postergar ou excluir algumas vacinas. O processo de decisão nos casais não-vacinadores foi expresso num contexto mais amplo envolvendo a crítica às práticas obstétricas hegemônicas no país e o acesso às informações veiculadas pelas redes sociais e internet. Os dados evidenciaram que a problematização das vacinas (que culminou na tomada de decisão de não vacinar os filhos) ocorreu no contexto do parto humanizado, foi protagonizada pelas mulheres e teve importante influência das informações em saúde veiculadas na internet. CONCLUSÕES Aspectos socioculturais singulares do contexto brasileiro e da sociedade contemporânea mais ampla estão envolvidos na tomada de decisão em vacinar ou não os filhos. A compreensão desse processo é importante para fornecer subsídios a uma reflexão mais profunda sobre as práticas de saúde e imunização no Brasil, nos novos contextos e desafios do mundo contemporâneo

    Caracterização de gomas extraídas de seis tipos de sementes de leguminosas

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    Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química, Florianópolis, 2013O presente trabalho teve como objetivo extrair e caracterizar as gomas de seis espécies vegetais, a saber C. pulcherrima, A. pavonina, D. regia, T. indica, M. sloanei , H.courbaril e avaliar suas características estruturais e propriedades físico-químicas para futuras aplicações. O teor de umidade e cinzas das gomas das seis espécies estudadas variaram de 9,7-12,6% e 0,45-2,5%, respectivamente, sendo que as gomas de H. courbaril, T. indica e M. sloanei foram as gomas que apresentaram o maior rendimento 37 - 43,5%. O teor de proteína também foi avaliado, e as gomas extraídas das sementes de C. pulcherrima, A. pavonina e D. regia apresentaram menor conteúdo de proteína 0,6-0,9% em relação as gomas extraídas de T. indica, M. sloanei e H. courbaril cujos os valores foram entre 6,3 -7,4%. Análise em cromatografia gasosa revelou que manose (Man) e galactose (Gal) foram os principais monossacarídeos presentes nas gomas extraídas de semente de C. pulcherrima (63,4% e 29,1%), A. pavonina (54,0% e 41,1%), D. regia (64,5 % e 27,0%) e glucose como componente majoritário, para as espécies de T. indica, M. sloanei e H. courbaril confirmando a presença de galactomananas e galactoxiloglucanas. Os resultados de CG foram confirmados pelos ensaios de FTIR apresentando bandas características entre 820 cm 1 e 870 cm-1 referentes ao estiramento das conformações anoméricas dos polissacarídeos. A análise termogravimétrica revelou boa estabilidade térmica (285ºC a 350ºC) para as seis amostras, com perda de massa de 49,82-61,26%. A C. pulcherrima foi a espécie que apresentou a maior viscosidade intrínseca (9,20+0,22), seguida pela D. regia (8,11+0,04), M. sloanei (7,28+0,11), H. Courbaril (6,74+0,08), A. pavonina (6,58+0,03) e T. indica (5,32+0,07). Valores negativos de Potenciais Zeta (Zp entre -1 a -12 mV) foram encontrados para todas as espécies, confirmando o caráter neutro dos polissacarídeos estudados. A análise de tensão superficial mostrou que, tanto as soluções de galactomananas (0,6 mg.L-1) como as galactoxiloglucanas (0,7 mg.L-1), são capazes de diminuir a tensão superficial da água de 72 mN/m a valores em torno de 35 mN/m a 25ºC, sendo similares às gomas comerciais. Dessa forma, as gomas extraídas de sementes podem ser utilizadas para diversas aplicações industriais, ampliando o leque de matérias primas passíveis de serem exploradas comercialmente Abstract: The present study aimed to extract and characterize the gums of six plant species, C. pulcherrima, A. pavonina, D. Regia, T. indica, M. sloanei, H.courbaril and evaluate their structural characteristics and physicochemical properties for future applications. The moisture content and ash content of the gums of the six species studied ranged from 9.7 to 12.6% and from 0.45 to 2.5%, respectively, and gums H. courbaril, T. indica and M. sloanei gums were presented a higher yield 37 - 43.5%. The protein content was also evaluated, and gums extracted from the seeds of C. pulcherrima, A. pavonina and D. regia showed lower protein content 0.6-0.9% compared with gums extracted from T. indicates, M. sloanei and H. courbaril whose values were between 6.3 -7.4%. Gas chromatography analysis showed that mannose (Man) and galactose (Gal) were the main monosaccharides present in the gum extracted from seeds of C. pulcherrima (63.4% and 29.1%), A. pavonina (54.0% and 41.1%), D. regia (64.5% and 27.0%) and glucose as the major component for the species T. indica, M. sloanei and H. courbaril confirming the presence of galactomannans and galactoxiloglucanas. The results were confirmed by GC assays FTIR showing characteristic bands between 820 cm -1 and 870 cm -1 related to stretching of the anomeric conformations of polysaccharides. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed good thermal stability (285 º C to 350 º C) for six samples, with mass loss of 49.82 to 61.26%. The C. pulcherrima was the species with the highest intrinsic viscosity (9.20 +0.22), followed by D. regia (8.11 +0.04), M. sloanei (7.28 +0.11), H. courbaril (6.74 +0.08), A. pavonina (6.58 +0.03) and T. indica (5.32 +0.07). Negative values of Zeta Potential (Zp between -1 to -12 mV) were found for all species, confirming the character of neutral polysaccharides studied. The stress analysis showed that both solutions galactomannans (0.6 mg.L-1) as galactoxiloglucanas (0.7 mg.L-1), are able of reducing the surface tension of water from 72 mN / m values to around 35 mN/m at 25ºC, being similar to commercial gums. Thus, the gums extracted from seeds can be used for various industrial applications, extending the range of raw materials that can be commercially exploited

    Validade e fiabilidade do protocolo de avaliação da qualidade vocal da Universidade de Aveiro

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    mestrado em Ciências da Fala e AudiçãoO presente estudo teve como principal objetivo rever a versão original do Protocolo de Avaliação da Qualidade Vocal da Universidade de Aveiro (PAQVUA), criar o respetivo manual, comprovar a validade de conteúdo do PAQVUA assim como a sua fiabilidade inter e intra avaliador. Para rever a versão original do PAQVUA, foi efetuada uma revisão narrativa da literatura, com o objetivo de encontrar informação que revelasse a pertinência, da versão original do protocolo, para assim se efetuarem as alterações necessárias. Para analisar a validade de conteúdo recorreu-se a um painel de peritos, num total de seis, especialistas na área da voz que avaliaram as provas do PAQVUA, folha de registo e manual. Os peritos avaliaram todos os componentes do PAQVUA através do preenchimento de um questionário com o objetivo de se comprovar a relevância, clareza e precisão de cada uma das provas de avaliação e também o conteúdo do seu manual. Para além disso pretendeu-se também comprovar a fiabilidade inter e intra avaliador do PAQVUA. Para isso, o mesmo protocolo foi aplicado duas vezes por duas avaliadoras diferentes e também foi aplicado em dois momentos temporais diferentes por uma só avaliadora. A amostra teve um total de doze participantes. Para analisar estatisticamente os resultados da validade de conteúdo utilizou-se o método gráfico Bland e Altman modificado e o Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasses (CCI). Para a fiabilidade inter e intra avaliador recorreu-se ao Coeficiente de Correlação de Spearman (ρ) e ao Kappa de Cohen (k). Relativamente aos resultados obtidos com o método Bland e Altman modificado, verificou-se a existência de concordância entre os peritos através da análise dos gráficos, sendo que a maioria dos pontos se encontrou dentro dos limites esperados de concordância. Quanto aos valores do CCI (entre 0.379 e 0.479), estes revelaram uma correlação regular. No que concerne à fiabilidade inter avaliador, os resultados de correlação e concordância apresentaram-se relevantes, com valores de ρ (de Spearman) superiores a 0.700 e valores de k (de Cohen) superiores a 0.600, na maioria dos casos. O mesmo foi constatado para a fiabilidade intra avaliador. Desta forma pode concluir-se que a nova versão do PAQVUA apresenta validade de conteúdo sendo tal comprovado pelo método de Bland-Altman modificado e pelos valores do CCI. Quanto à fiabilidade inter e intra avaliador, pode afirmar-se que o PAQVUA é fiável, porém como a amostra em estudo é pequena, o que a torna pouco representativa, esta conclusão carece de fundamento com base num estudo mais alargado. Apesar da limitação referida, acredita-se que este protocolo é uma mais-valia para o estudo da patologia vocal em ambiente clínico, assim como para a investigação científica nesta área, pois através do PAQVUA podem-se recolher diversas informações relacionadas com a voz, úteis para uma intervenção terapêutica baseada em evidências científicas.This study’s aim was to review the original version of the Protocolo de Avaliação da Qualidade Vocal da Universidade de Aveiro (PAQVUA), to create its manual, attest its content validity , and inter- and intra-rater reliability. The original version of PAQVUA revision was based on a narrative review of the literature, which revealed what information was relevant in to the protocol and what were the necessary changes. To assess the content validity of PAQVUA six experts in the area of voice evaluated the PAQVUA score sheet and manual. The experts evaluated all components of PAQVUA by completing a questionnaire in order to ascertain the relevance, clarity and precision of each of the assessment items and also the content of the manual. The inter- and intra-rater reliability of PAQVUA was also analysed. Therefore, the same protocol was applied twice by two different examiners, and was also applied at two different time points by a single evaluator. The sample had a total of twelve participants. To statistically analyse the content validity of the results we used the modified Bland and Altman graphical method and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). For inter and intra rater reliability the Spearman correlation coefficient (ρ) and Cohen's kappa (k) were calculated. For the results obtained with the Bland and Altman modified method it was found that there is agreement among experts and through the analysis of the graphs, most of the points were found within the expected limits of agreement. As for the ICC values (between 0.379 e 0.479), they revealed a regular correlation. Regarding the interrater reliability, the results showed correlation and agreement (Spearman’s ρ>0.7 and Cohen’s k>0.6) in most cases. The same was found for intrarater reliability. It could therefore be concluded that the new version of PAQVUA has content validity as corroborated by the Bland-Altman modified method and the ICC values. As for the inter- and intra-rater reliability, one could assert that the PAQVUA is reliable, but as the study sample is smallI and therefore not representative, this conclusion need to be supported by a larger study. Despite this limitation, this protocol provides added value to the study of vocal pathology in a clinical setting, as well as for scientific research in this area, because PAQVUA, can be used to collect various information related to voice, which can be useful for a therapeutic intervention based on scientific evidence

    Contextos de reclusão, condutas disruptivas prisionais

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    Projeto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de licenciada em CriminologiaCom este projecto pretende-se compreender todo o contexto que circunda as infrações disciplinares institucionais, tendo em conta as características da população reclusa. Para tal, é feita uma exaustiva revisão da literatura, que introduz não só a temática das infrações institucionais mas também da delinquência feminina e reabilitação. No que concerne à parte empírica, é apresentado um estudo exploratório assim como uma proposta de investigação baseada nesse. O estudo exploratório foi realizado de forma a obter uma caracterização da amostra de 52 processos da população reclusa feminina do Estabelecimento Prisional de Santa Cruz do Bispo, e das infrações disciplinares praticadas em contexto de reclusão assim como das sanções aplicadas de forma a proporcionar uma sugestão de investigação mais ciente das dificuldades que poderão surgir.The exploratory study was performed so as characterize a sample of 52 cases of the female inmate population of the Santa Cruz do Bispo Penitenciary Institution, and also the disciplinary infractions commited and the sanctions applied in a contet of incarceration, so as to provide a research proposal that takes into account any difficulties that might arise. The intent of this project is to understand the context that surrounds institutional discplinary infractions, focusing particularly on the characteristics of the inmate population. In the view of that goal, na exhaustive review of the literaature was conducted, and this review serves as an introduction not only to the topic of institutional infractions but also to female deliquency and rehabilitation. In the empirical section na exploratory study is presented, as well as a research proposal based on it
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