La producción del trabajo desprotegido, entre la acción y la estructura. Estudio de caso, talleres de calzado en San Mateo Atenco, Valle de Toluca.

La asignación de los recursos dependientes de las fuerzas del mercado y la esperanza de la inversión extranjera que le apuesta más a proyectos especulativos que a la generación de empleo han generado fracturas societarias a nivel mundial. Estas políticas en nuestro país hasta ahora, no sólo no han podido producir paralelamente crecimiento y desarrollo, sino que además han agudizado el deterioro de las condiciones de vida material de las mayorías.La discusión de la noción de trabajo informal (TI) tiene una trayectoria de más de 40 años, en relación a nuestra perspectiva consideramos pertinente aclarar que no estamos de acuerdo con la noción de trabajo informal, ya que ésta noción le da una connotación peyorativa, de estigma y no ayuda en nada a la conceptualización y comprensión del trabajo desprotegido (TD). Con esta investigación se exploró los significados que los trabajadores de la Industria del Calzado —en el Municipio de San Mateo Atenco— atribuyen a sus experiencias de realizar trabajo desprotegido, identificando las principales condicionantes de orden social y cultural que influyen en la forma en que aquellos significados son construidos

El quiensabe, Hedeoma piperita (Lamiaceae), una especie con importancia cultural en la comunidad indígena de San Francisco Pichátaro, Michoacán, México: bases para su manejo de conservación

Background and Aims: Hedeoma piperita is a plant popularly known as quiensabe and with traditional uses by the Purépecha people of San Francisco Pichátaro in Michoacán, Mexico. Despite its cultural relevance, the populations of H. piperita have been drastically reduced due to overexploitation. This work evaluated the traditional knowledge on the biology, ecology, and management of H. piperita among the indigenous community of San Francisco Pichátaro. Moreover, we aimed to evaluate its phenological development and relationships between phenological phases and local environmental variables. Methods: We applied 75 semi-structured surveys among women and men in three age groups of the community. Phenological analyses were conducted for 31 plants established in the wild and by recording the height, total number of leaves, branches, flowers, fruits and sprouts every 15 days from March 2014 to March 2015. Significant correlations between phenological and environmental variables were calculated using Spearman’s correlation coefficients. Key results: Sixty percent of the interviewed people knew and have used H. piperita, and most of them were women (71%). Alimentary purposes (as breakfast tea) were recognized as the main use among children and young people, while adults used it mostly for medicinal purposes. However, among the interviewees, little was known about the biological and ecological aspects of the species. We found that the stages of flowering and fructification overlap with the most intensive extraction season. Conclusions: Urgent management strategies are needed to recover and maintain this species in the wild, and within the Purépecha cosmos-corpus-praxis complex.Antecedentes y Objetivos: Hedeoma piperita es una especie popularmente conocida como quiensabe con importantes usos tradicionales entre los purépechas de San Francisco Pichátaro en Michoacán, México. A pesar de su importancia cultural, las poblaciones de H. piperita han sido reducidas drásticamente debido a la sobreexplotación. Este trabajo se realizó para evaluar el conocimiento tradicional acerca de la biología, ecología y manejo de H. piperita en la comunidad indígena de San Francisco Pichátaro. Además, se evaluó su desarrollo fenológico y las relaciones entre fases fenológicas y variables ambientales locales. Métodos: Se realizaron 75 encuestas semiestructuradas en hombres y mujeres en tres grupos de edades de la comunidad. El análisis fenológico se realizó en 31 plantas en estado silvestre y se registró la altura, el número total de hojas, ramas, flores, frutos y retoños cada 15 días entre marzo de 2014 y marzo de 2015. Las correlaciones entre las variables fenológicas y ambientales se calcularon utilizando el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman. Resultados clave: Sesenta por ciento de los entrevistados reconocieron y han usado a H. piperita, siendo la mayoría mujeres (71%). Los usos alimenticios (té en el desayuno) fueron reconocidos como el principal uso por niños y jóvenes, mientras que los adultos la usan principalmente como medicinal. Sin embargo, entre los entrevistados muy pocos conocen detalles de la biología y ecología de la especie. Encontramos que las etapas de floración y fructificación coinciden con la temporada de recolección. Conclusiones: Es urgente diseñar estrategias de manejo que permitan recuperar las poblaciones silvestres para seguir manteniendo a la especie dentro del complejo cosmos-corpus-praxis purépecha

NGF modulates trkANGFR/p75NTR in αsMA-expressing conjunctival fibroblasts from human ocular cicatricial pemphigoid (OCP)

OBJECTIVE: In a previous study, we reported the upregulation of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and trkANGFR expression in Ocular Cicatricial Pemphigoid (OCP), an inflammatory and remodeling eye disease. Herein, we hypothesize a potential NGF-driven mechanism on fibroblasts (FBs) during OCP remodeling events. To verify, human derived OCP-FBs were isolated and characterized either at baseline or after NGF exposure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Conjunctival biopsies were obtained from 7 patients having OCP and 6 control subjects (cataract surgery). Both conjunctivas and primary FB cultures were characterised for αSMA, NGF and trkANGFR/p75NTR expression. Subcultures were exposed to NGF and evaluated for αSMA, NGF, trkANGFR/p75NTR expression as well as TGFβ1/IL4 release. For analysis, early and advanced subgroups were defined according to clinical parameters. RESULTS: OCP-conjunctivas showed αSMA-expressing FBs and high NGF levels. Advanced OCP-FBs showed higher αSMA expression associated with higher p75NTR and lower trkANGFR expression, as compared to early counterparts. αSMA expression was in keeping with disease severity and correlated to p75NTR. NGF exposure did not affect trkANGFR levels in early OCP-FBs while decreased both αSMA/p75NTR expression and TGFβ1/IL4 release. These effects were not observed in advanced OCP-FBs. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these data are suggestive for a NGF/p75NTR task in the potential modulation of OCP fibrosis and encourages further studies to fully understand the underlying mechanism occurring in fibrosis. NGF/p75NTR might be viewed as a potential therapeutic target

Modes of action of the current Priority Substances list under the Water Framework Directive and other substances of interest

The Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC (WFD) has established a strategy for water protection that includes specific measures for pollution control to achieve good chemical and ecological status at European level. There is a need to review the approach to the current listing of priority substances (PS) under the WFD and to the current assessment of the chemical status, and consider eventually a wider range of chemical substances that could be covered in future monitoring programmes. Overall, the aim is to assess the water status more holistically and understand which the real effects are caused by the sum of the chemical substances present in the aquatic environment (including emerging pollutants /other substances of interest, metabolites and transformation products). The assessment of chemical status should be improved and linked with ecological status where relevant. Hundreds of different substances may co-occur, and even if most are present at very small concentrations they could exert a toxic effect on aquatic organisms (Carvalho et al. 2014) exposed for their entire life cycle and indirectly on human health (via food and drinking water consumption). Some of the substances in the current list of Priority Substances and in the first Watch List are considered in groups (e.g. brominated diphenylethers, neonicotinoid insecticides), but the overall approach to chemical pollution is otherwise based on the regulation of single substances. It has become increasingly clear that the risks from the vast number of chemical substances present in the environment cannot be adequately controlled on this basis. The Commission acknowledges the need to consider the potential toxic effects of mixtures of chemicals (EC COM(2012)252, 7th EAP). The challenge is to find a way of capturing a true picture of the chemical status of water bodies based on standards and methods that assess the presence of an adequate range of representative chemical effect types or modes of action (MoA), for example. The knowledge on the MoA is an important driver for linking exposure to chemicals to their effects in the aquatic environment, and therefore for development and application of the scientific methodologies for the assessment of combined effects of chemicals - the effect-based methods (EBM). The EBM, including biomarkers and bioassays, can target different levels of biological organisation in the aquatic environment, such as individual and/or sub-organism, community, and population levels (Carvalho et al. 2014, Ann-Sofie Wernersson et al. 2014). It is however much less clear how these EBM can be used to capture (predictively) the indirect effects that might occur in humans following long-term chronic exposure to pollutants via the aquatic environment. The use of effect-based monitoring approaches, complementary to chemical analysis, could allow assessing chemical status more holistically (rather than with a limited but ever-growing list of individual substances). The use of the EBM offers also the advantage of overcoming analytical difficulties (Kunz et al. 2015) and reducing monitoring costs by screening. To become a credible complement to chemical monitoring information, however, a better understanding of the capabilities and gaps of available EBM is needed. This report, based on a comprehensive literature study, reviews the current PS list and other substances of interest, considering their MoA(s). The review of data from the open sources clearly identified few groups of toxicological endpoints, with the majority driven by non-specific mechanisms (e.g. oxidative stress, activation of metabolizing / detoxifying pathways, histopathology, and others), and few groups with more specific biochemical / physiological pathways (photosynthesis inhibition, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, presence of PAHs metabolites, expression of metallothioneins). The majority of current PS and other substances of interest can be grouped, based on few common toxicological endpoints, and biomarkers are available for determining the concentrations and/or effects of some groups of substances. The identified biomarkers of effect seem to be however in general not very specific. There is clearly no “one size fits all” bioassay / EBM that could provide the toxicological potency of every PS and other substances of interest and their mixture toward all aquatic organisms in all water bodies, but rather a battery of bioassays that should be selected as “fit for purpose”. In addition, the present report allowed identification of uncertainty and inconsistency in observations, and thus identified areas where future investigations can be best directed. The present knowledge about MoA(s) remains limited, especially for the emerging substances of concern, such as pyrethroids and neonicotinoides.JRC.D.2-Water and Marine Resource

TSHβX1 splice variant expression and D2 Thr92Ala polymorphism analysis in pregnant women with thyroid diseases

Thyroid diseases are pathologies that frequently affect pregnant women. The objective was to find out whether the expression of TSHβX1 splice variant and D2 Thr92Ala polymorphism in the DIO2 gene are associated with thyroid disease in pregnant women. It was a comparative, prospective clinical, and cross-sectional study. Ninety-two pregnant patients, of which 38 were normothyroid and 54 had thyroid disease, were included. The expression of the TSHβX1 splice variant was quantified by real-time PCR and the D2 Thr92Ala (rs225014 CT) polymorphism was genotyped using TaqMan probes. The TSHβX1 splice variant was detected in both groups without significant differences in the relative expression. The T allele was associated with the thyroid dysfunction (OR = 2.117, p = 0.0339). We confirmed the presence of the predicted TSHβX1, and our results suggest that 92Thr (rs225017T) allele is a risk factor to thyroid dysfunction in pregnant women

Políticas públicas educativas en relación a la convivencia y la paz y sus implicaciones en el marco de la gestión educativa y la educación para la paz. Propuesta para la formulación de una política educativa en el marco del posconflicto

La investigación hace una revisión de las políticas públicas educativas en torno a la convivencia y la paz y sus implicaciones en la gestión educativa, tendientes a formular lineamientos para la construcción de una política pública educativa en el marco del posconflicto. Este estudio se desarrolla desde una metodología cualitativa, bajo un enfoque histórico-hermenéutico, utilizando como técnica de investigación el estudio de caso; a partir de la estructuración y aplicación de instrumentos como cuestionarios y entrevistas semiestructuradas en las instituciones distritales: La Victoria, Alexander Fleming y Darío Echandía, ubicadas en las localidades de San Cristóbal, Rafael Uribe Uribe y Kennedy respectivamente. Se establecieron cuatro categorías de análisis en relación con el objetivo: conflicto, políticas públicas, gestión educativa y educación para la paz. Los resultados muestran que para lograr un verdadero cambio social se hace necesario el diseño e implementación de iniciativas que permitan reconciliar el pasado, el presente y el futuro del país. Por tanto, la educación para la paz, debe estar permeada por ejercicios de análisis y reflexión. Se concluye que la evaluación de estos programas debe ser punto de partida para el análisis, fortalecimiento, reestructuración e implementación de lineamientos que respondan a las necesidades del contexto, enfocadas a la consolidación de una paz verdadera.The research makes a review of public education policies around coexistence and peace and its implications in the educative management, intended to formulate some guidelines for the construction of an educative public policy within the framework of posconflict. This study is developed from a qualitative methodology, under a hermeneutic, historical approach, using as technical of investigation the study of case; from the structuring and application of instruments like questionnaires and semi-structured interviews in the district educative institutions La Victoria, Alexander Fleming and Dario Echandía, placed in the localities of San Cristóbal, Rafael Uribe Uribe and Kennedy respectively. There were settled down four categories of analysis in relation to the objective: conflict, public policies, educative management and education for the peace. The results showed that to obtain a true social change, it is necessary the design and implementation of initiatives that allow reconciling the past, the present and the future of our country. Therefore, education for peace must be permeated by exercises of analysis and reflection. It is concluded that the evaluation of these programs should be the starting point for the analysis, strengthening, restructuring and implementation of guidelines that respond to the needs of the context, focused on the consolidation of true peace.Magíster en EducaciónMaestrí

Testing comparability of existing and innovative bioassays for water quality assessment

The JRC led a consortium of seventeen research Institutes from eleven countries in EU and associated countries to evaluate the suitability of the current paradigm in environmental risk assessment that considers the risk of single chemicals for assessing water quality. Combined effects of chemical mixtures of concern were measured on different aquatic organisms and different levels of biological organisation using existing and innovative bioassays. Aquatic organisms in most European surface waters were exposed to many chemical pollutants simultaneously. However, the current paradigm in water quality assessment under the Water Framework Directive (WFD) still considers the effects of single substances instead of evaluating the combined action of environmentally relevant mixtures.The potential effects of combinations of chemicals are equally relevant to the risk assessment of consumer products and of drinking water to humans. In this EU-wide exercise, we could show that exposure to mixtures of dissimilarity acting substances at concentrations considered environmentally acceptable can exert significant effects on the biota. Therefore, chemical monitoring of a few substances may be insufficient to assess the quality status of water impacted by complex anthropogenic mixtures. The study highlighted an urgent need to revise methods and paradigms used to assess the safety of chemicals to the environment. Bioassays as part of a multi-tier approach to water quality monitoring can fill the gap between chemical and ecological assessments for a more holistic characterisation of water quality. Considering the upcoming revision of the WFD in 2019, it is timely to introduce the issue of risk posed by mixtures of pollutants into the discussion table and find innovative ways to assess water quality in a more holistic way than the mere assessment of biological and chemical indicators.JRC.D.2-Water and Marine Resource

Plan de dirección para la construcción de un proyecto de vivienda multifamiliar para Yopal - Casanare

El proyecto “PLAN DE DIRECCION PARA LA CONSTRUCCION DE UN PROYECTO DE VIVIENDA MULTIFAMILIAR PARA YOPAL - CASANARE”, se genera por solicitud de la caja de compensación COMFACASANARE, el cual busca minimizar la falta de vivienda que tienen los habitantes en el municipio de YOPAL CASANARE

Osteoarticular Expression of Musashi-1 in an Experimental Model of Arthritis

Background. Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), a murine experimental disease model induced by immunization with type II collagen (CII), is used to evaluate novel therapeutic strategies for rheumatoid arthritis. Adult stem cell marker Musashi-1 (Msi1) plays an important role in regulating the maintenance and differentiation of stem/precursor cells. The objectives of this investigation were to perform a morphological study of the experimental CIA model, evaluate the effect of TNFα-blocker (etanercept) treatment, and determine the immunohistochemical expression of Msi1 protein. Methods. CIA was induced in 50 male DBA1/J mice for analyses of tissue and serum cytokine; clinical and morphological lesions in limbs; and immunohistochemical expression of Msi1. Results. Clinically, TNFα-blocker treatment attenuated CIA on day 32 after immunization (). Msi1 protein expression was significantly higher in joints damaged by CIA than in those with no lesions () and was related to the severity of the lesions (Spearman’s rho = 0.775, ). Conclusions. Treatment with etanercept attenuates osteoarticular lesions in the murine CIA model. Osteoarticular expression of Msi1 protein is increased in joints with CIA-induced lesion and absent in nonlesioned joints, suggesting that this protein is expressed when the lesion is produced in order to favor tissue repair.This investigation was partially supported by Research Group #CTS-138 (Junta de Andalucía, Spain)