A escravatura no al-Ândalus

A escravatura foi uma instituição generalizada em todo o mundo muçulmano. A sua prática no al-Ândalus seguiu basicamente as mesmas regras que se aplicavam no mundo do Islão embora com algumas particularidades próprias. A sua proximidade com Reinos Cristãos colocava este território numa situação privilegiada no que respeita ao constante fornecimento deste “produto” e constituiu um importante interposto comercial na transação de escravos para os outros territórios islâmicos. A população escrava, não isenta de direitos jurídicos, como é apanágio da civilização islâmica, contribuiu para o desenvolvimento do al-Ândalus e para a diversidade e enriquecimento da sua população e sociedade que acabou por integrar e os ṣaqāliba no exército assim como os que desempenharam elevados cargos na administração, constituíram uma base de apoio aos Omíadas neste território do Islão. No entanto, não está ainda suficientemente analisado o peso específico que teria no conjunto do sistema socioeconómico da civilização islâmica, no geral, e no al-Ândalus em particular

Identificación de plantas de crecimiento espontáneo encontradas en techos de las localidades de Bosa y La Candelaria (Bogotá, Colombia) y su posible uso en diseño de techos verdes

El objetivo de esta investigación fue reconocer la riqueza y abundancia de especies de plantas de crecimiento espontáneo en los techos de viviendas de las localidades de La Candelaria y Bosa, ciudad de Bogotá, igualmente reconocer su posible uso en el diseño de techos verdes. El trabajo de campo fue realizado durante los meses de julio y agosto el 2014, se muestrearon un total de 60 casas, 30 para cada localidad. Un total de 22 especies vegetales fueron registradas pertenecientes a once familias y 16 géneros. Se encontró que hay una mayor abundancia en la localidad de Bosa con 789 individuos y ocho especies que en la localidad de La Candelaria donde se encontraron 613 individuos de 21 especies. De las 22 especies encontradas solo cuatro especies son nativas (Taraxacum officinale, Ficus andicola, Gnaphalium bogotense y Gamochaeta americana), las restantes 18 son exóticas.The aim of this investigation was to recognize the richness and abundance of plant species spontaneous growth in the towns of La Candelaria and Bosa also possible use in the design of green roofs are recognized. Fieldwork was conducted during the months of July and August, a total of 60 houses, 30 for each sampling locality. A total of 22 plant species were recorded belonging to eleven families and 16 genera. It was found that there is a greater abundance in Bosa (789 individuals) in the town of La Candelaria where 613 individuals, of which only 4 species are native (Taraxacum officinale, Ficus andicola, Gnaphalium bogotense and Gamochaeta American found), the remaining species are invasive and non-invasive potential.Ecólogo (a)Pregrad

Los megaeventos y sus consecuencias urbanas. Posibles perspectivas hacia las futuras experiencias brasileñas

Partiendo de la excusa de los campeonatos deportivos de ámbito mundial previstosen Brasil para los próximos años, el presente ensayo se propone discutir el papel de losmegaeventos en la transformación social y urbanística de sus ciudades-sede, tomando comoprincipal referente los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano. A través de un abordaje histórico, y conreferencias a otros autores que se dedican al tema en cuestión, se plantea un breve repaso delconjunto de experiencias olímpicas de los últimos 20 años, de las cuales se entresacan las tendenciasque hemos observado y la relación entre la evolución de los criterios de organizaciónde dichos eventos y el modelo vigente de gestión de las ciudades. Como objetivo, se busca establecerun panorama a través del cual se puedan evaluar los posibles impactos de las próximasOlimpíadas, a saber, Londres 2012 y, más específicamente, Río de Janeiro 2016. Mientrasla capital inglesa, a pocos días de su estreno como ciudad olímpica, concluye su etapa de preparación,en la antigua capital brasileña justo se empiezan a producir ahora las divergenciasy conflictos sociales que configuran el proceso de organización de un evento de este calibre

Thermal processing of miscanthus, sugarcane bagasse, sugarcane trash and their acid hydrolysis residues

The research presented in this thesis was developed as part of DIBANET, an EC funded project aiming to develop an energetically self-sustainable process for the production of diesel miscible biofuels (i.e. ethyl levulinate) via acid hydrolysis of selected biomass feedstocks. Three thermal conversion technologies, pyrolysis, gasification and combustion, were evaluated in the present work with the aim of recovering the energy stored in the acid hydrolysis solid residue (AHR). Mainly consisting of lignin and humins, the AHR can contain up to 80% of the energy in the original feedstock. Pyrolysis of AHR proved unsatisfactory, so attention focussed on gasification and combustion with the aim of producing heat and/or power to supply the energy demanded by the ethyl levulinate production process. A thermal processing rig consisting on a Laminar Entrained Flow Reactor (LEFR) equipped with solid and liquid collection and online gas analysis systems was designed and built to explore pyrolysis, gasification and air-blown combustion of AHR. Maximum liquid yield for pyrolysis of AHR was 30wt% with volatile conversion of 80%. Gas yield for AHR gasification was 78wt%, with 8wt% tar yields and conversion of volatiles close to 100%. 90wt% of the AHR was transformed into gas by combustion, with volatile conversions above 90%. 5volO2%-95vol%N2 gasification resulted in a nitrogen diluted, low heating value gas (2MJ/m3). Steam and oxygen-blown gasification of AHR were additionally investigated in a batch gasifier at KTH in Sweden. Steam promoted the formation of hydrogen (25vol%) and methane (14vol%) improving the gas heating value to 10MJ/m3, below the typical for steam gasification due to equipment limitations. Arrhenius kinetic parameters were calculated using data collected with the LEFR to provide reaction rate information for process design and optimisation. Activation energy (EA) and pre-exponential factor (ko in s-1) for pyrolysis (EA=80kJ/mol, lnko=14), gasification (EA=69kJ/mol, lnko=13) and combustion (EA=42kJ/mol, lnko=8) were calculated after linearly fitting the data using the random pore model. Kinetic parameters for pyrolysis and combustion were also determined by dynamic thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), including studies of the original biomass feedstocks for comparison. Results obtained by differential and integral isoconversional methods for activation energy determination were compared. Activation energy calculated by the Vyazovkin method was 103-204kJ/mol for pyrolysis of untreated feedstocks and 185-387kJ/mol for AHRs. Combustion activation energy was 138-163kJ/mol for biomass and 119-158 for AHRs. The non-linear least squares method was used to determine reaction model and pre-exponential factor. Pyrolysis and combustion of biomass were best modelled by a combination of third order reaction and 3 dimensional diffusion models, while AHR decomposed following the third order reaction for pyrolysis and the 3 dimensional diffusion for combustion

Kinetic study of the pyrolysis of miscanthus and its acid hydrolysis residue by thermogravimetric analysis

The kinetic parameters of the pyrolysis of miscanthus and its acid hydrolysis residue (AHR) were determined using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The AHR was produced at the University of Limerick by treating miscanthus with 5 wt.% sulphuric acid at 175 °C as representative of a lignocellulosic acid hydrolysis product. For the TGA experiments, 3 to 6 g of sample, milled and sieved to a particle size below 250 μm, were placed in the TGA ceramic crucible. The experiments were carried out under non-isothermal conditions heating the samples from 50 to 900 °C at heating rates of 2.5, 5, 10, 17 and 25 °C/min. The activation energy (EA) of the decomposition process was determined from the TGA data by differential analysis (Friedman) and three isoconversional methods of integral analysis (Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose, Ozawa–Flynn–Wall, Vyazovkin). The activation energy ranged from 129 to 156 kJ/mol for miscanthus and from 200 to 376 kJ/mol for AHR increasing with increasing conversion. The reaction model was selected using the non-linear least squares method and the pre-exponential factor was calculated from the Arrhenius approximation. The results showed that the best fitting reaction model was the third order reaction for both feedstocks. The pre-exponential factor was in the range of 5.6 × 1010 to 3.9 × 10+ 13 min− 1 for miscanthus and 2.1 × 1016 to 7.7 × 1025 min− 1 for AHR

Ajustage du modèle normal en utilisant la technique du point connu

Aquí se presenta el ajuste del modelo normal 1,2) a un histograma de frecuencias usando la técnica del punto conocido. Ésta permite obtener los parámetros del modelo normal a través de su transformación lineal obtenida a partir de un punto leído a voluntad sobre la curva no lineal. El grado de ajuste alcanzado depende de dicho punto; sin embargo de todos ellos, se llega a valores iniciales de los parámetros del modelo normal altamente convergentes a la optimización por el método Marquardt 5). Asimismo se usa el algoritmo de Guggenheim 4) para verificar los resultados logrados por la técnica que da pie al presente documento. Los datos corresponden a 105 valores de alargamiento a la rotura de hilos de poliéster de uso común en la industria textil ensayados de acuerdo a normativa técnicas vigente 6)Here the adjustment of the model normal 1,2), is presented to a histogram of frequencies using the technique of the known point. This allows obtaining the parameters of the normal model through its linear transformation obtained from a point read at will on the not linear curve. The degree of reached adjustment depends on this point; however of all of them, starting values of the parameters of the normal model highly convergent to the optimization for the method Marquardt 5) is reached. Likewise the algorithm of Guggenheim 4) is used to verify the results achieved by the technique that makes the present document. The data correspond to 105 values of rupture elongation of polyester yarns of common use in the textile industry rehearsed according to the current technical norm 6).Ici l'ajustage du modèle normal 1,2) est présenté à un histogramme de fréquences en utilisant la technique du point connu. Celle-ci permet d'obtenir les paramètres du modèle normal à travers sa transformation linéaire obtenue à partir d'un point lu à volonté sur la courbe non linéaire. Le degré d'ajustage atteint dépend de ce point; cependant d'eux tous, on arrive à des valeurs initiales des paramètres du modèle normal hautement convergents à l'optimisation par la méthode Marquardt 5). De même l'algorithme de Guggenheim 4) est utilisé pour vérifier les résultats obtenus par la technique qui donne lieu au présent document. Les données correspondent à 105 valeurs de prolongement à la rupture de fils de polyester d’usage commun dans l'industrie textile, essayés conformément à réglementation en vigueur des techniques 6).Peer Reviewe

Application of kDNA as a molecular marker to analyse Leishmania infantum diversity in Portugal.

Around the Mediterranean basin Leishmania infantum is an important parasite causing canine leishmaniasis and visceral and cutaneous clinical forms in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised humans. Efficient monitoring and evaluation of epidemiology with discriminatory molecular markers are required. We investigated the genetic diversity of L. infantum in Portugal by polymerase chain amplification and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of kinetoplastid DNA, as molecular marker. We analysed 120 Portuguese isolates of L. infantum plus 16 other non-Portuguese isolates (as a reference group) from humans, dogs and sand flies. The Portuguese population showed a high degree of polymorphism with a total of 13 profiles identified. The predominant profile was A, which was only detected in the Portuguese samples. The kinetoplastid DNA PCR-RFLP assay described here was suitable for use directly with biological samples and the profiles obtained were stable during long-term growth in vitro and in laboratory animals

Justification of violence and security in the family system as predictors of child-to-parent violence

The abuse of a child towards his/her parents, also known as parental violence (CPV), constitutes a serious social and family problem due to its short- and long-term consequences, which not only directly affect the victim but also generate a rupture within the family nucleus. Previous studies have found that certain family and personal variables are risk factors for the development of CPV. The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship of justification of violence and security in the family system (security, disengagement and preoccupation) with child-to-parent violence (CPV) towards mother and father. Sample comprised 183 adolescents (97 male and 86 female high school students), between 13 and 18 years old (Mean age = 14.94; SD = .81) from the province of Málaga. Child-to-Parent Aggression Questionnaire (CPAQ; Calvete, Gámez-Guadix, Orue, González-Diez, López de Arroyabe, Sampedro, et al., 2013) was employed to assess CPV towards mother and father. Justification of violence and security in the family system were analyzed using the Justification of Violence subscale of the Irrational Beliefs Scale for Adolescents (ECIA; Cardeñoso & Calvete, 2004) and the Security in the Family System Scale (SIFS; Forman & Davies, 2005), respectively. Regarding violence towards mother, results showed that, in the case of female participants, there was a significant relationship with disengagement, whereas in the case of male participants there was a significant relationship with both justification of violence and security in the family environment. Converserly, with regard to violence towards father, there was a significant relationships with justification of violence in the case of females, and with justification and violence and disengagement in the case of male participants. However, no relationship was found between the preoccupation subescale and child-to-parent violence.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Un modèle hyperbolique utilisé comme fonction densité et appliqué aux propriétés mécaniques de multifilaments de polyester texturisés

El modelo hiperbólico fue usado como función densidad con varias ventajas con respecto a la distribución normal estándar. El modelo anterior fue aplicado a cuatro histogramas unimodales correspondientes a las propiedades mecánicas de multifilamentos de poliéster estirados en una máquina Barmag y posteriormente texturizados en una máquina de doble torsión RPR. Las condiciones de texturizado fueron a un nivel de torsión de 600 v/m y a una temperatura de fijado de 100°C. Los multifilamentos texturizados fueron ensayados a la tracción en un dinamómetro universal Statimat M Textechno de acuerdo a norma técnica vigente. Los resultados del ajuste estadístico indicaron que el modelo hiperbólico condujo a determinar el tamaño de individuos a través de un cálculo sencillo obtenido de la función cumulativa.Hyperbolic model has been used as a density function as it has various advantages. Previous model was applied to for mechanical properties of multifilament polyester yarn processed on Barmag machine and then textured on RPR. The texturing conditions were: 600 t/m, setting temperature 100 °C. The texture yarn was tested for textile properties on Statimat, Textechno. Statistics setting results indicate that the hyperbolic model led to identify the size of individuals through simple calculation of accumulative functionLe modèle hyperbolique a été utilisé comme fonction densité avec plusieurs avantages sur la distribution normale standard. Le modèle précédent a été appliqué à quatre histogrammes unimodaux correspondant aux propriétés mécaniques de multifilaments de polyester étirés dans une machine Barmag et postérieurement texturés dans une machine de double torsion RPR. Les conditions de thermofixé sont allées à un niveau de torsion de 600 v/m et à une température de fixage de 100°C. Les multifilaments texturisés sont été essayés à la traction dans un dynamomètre universel Statimat M Textechno en accord avec la norme technique en vigueur. Les résultats de l'ajustement statistique ont indiqué que le modèle hyperbolique a conduit à déterminer la taille d'individus à travers un calcul simple obtenu de la fonction cumulativePeer Reviewe

Estimativa de Pessoas que vivem com VIH, Fração não Diagnosticada e Demora Diagnóstica em Portugal, 2017

Introdução: Em Portugal, pese embora se registe uma tendência decrescente no número de novos casos de infeção por VIH, as taxas de novos diagnósticos são das mais elevadas da União Europeia. Com vista a acelerar a resposta nacional, Portugal assumiu o compromisso de, até 2020, atingir as metas propostas pela ONUSIDA: diagnosticar 90% das pessoas que vivem com VIH (PVVIH); tratar 90% das PVVIH diagnosticadas e alcançar a supressão viral em 90% das PVVIH em tratamento. Objetivos: Conhecer a estimativa das PVVIH e a dimensão e características da fração da população infetada e não diagnosticada, em Portugal. Material e Métodos: Com recurso aos dados da vigilância epidemiológica da infeção por VIH-1, em maiores de 14 anos, utilizou-se a aplicação informática HIV Modelling Tool do ECDC para efetuar as estimativas de prevalência, incidência, fração não diagnosticada e demora diagnóstica para a infeção por VIH-1. Resultados: Em Portugal, estima-se que 39.820 (39.219-40.485) pessoas viviam com VIH-1 no final de 2017 e que 3.087 (2.759-3.549) não estariam diagnosticadas, correspondendo a uma fração não diagnosticada de 7,8% (7,0%-8,8%). Calculou-se que no ano 2017 ocorreram 631 (410-885) novas infeções e o tempo entre a infeção e o seu diagnóstico, demora diagnóstica, foi estimado em 3,4 anos (3,2-3,7). A estimativa, estratificada para os diferentes modos de transmissão, mostrou que uma fração não diagnosticada mais elevada nos homens heterossexuais, 13,9% (12,0-16,7) e o valor mais baixo observou-se nos utilizadores de drogas injetáveis (UDI): 1,5% (1,4-2,3). Encontraram-se também diferenças ao nível da demora diagnóstica, que nos homens heterossexuais foi de 5,4 anos (5,1-5,6), mais do dobro da estimada para os homens que têm sexo com outros homens (HSH): 2,5 anos (2,2-2,7). A tendência temporal na proporção de casos diagnosticados anualmente relativamente à pool de casos não diagnosticados, mostra uma evolução favorável, aumentando cerca de 10% na última década. Conclusão: Em Portugal 92,2% das PVVIH estão diagnosticadas e a redução da fração não diagnosticada reforça a importância das medidas implementadas nos últimos anos, tais como a generalização da oferta do rastreio e diagnóstico da infeção em diferentes estruturas formais e informais de saúde. Contudo, a existência de uma fração da população que vive com a infeção e que não está diagnosticada justifica que se reforcem e se diversifiquem essas iniciativas.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio