Teacher reports of peer aggression in preschool: its relationship to DSM-IV externalizing symptoms

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de agresión preescolar hacia iguales en la comunidad y su correlación con categorías externalizantes del DSM-IV. Método: La muestra fue de 1104 niños de 3 a 6 años, procedentes de aulas preescolares urbanas y rurales. Se aplicó a los maestros la Peer Conflict Scale (PCS), para recabar información de agresiones físicas directas, verbales, con objetos y simbólicas, y el cuestionario de psicopatología ECI-IV. Resultados: Un 6.6% (n = 73) puntuó positivamente por lo menos en un item de la PCS. Este porcentaje decreció hasta un 2.6 % (n = 29) con una definición de caso más exigente (mínimo tres ítems positivos). La agresión física directa fue la forma más frecuente de agresión seguida de agresión verbal y agresión con objetos. Hubo diferencias significativas según edad y sexo. La agresión dirigida a iguales se asocia al sexo masculino desde los 3 años. La agresión física directa, con objetos y verbal correlaciona con trastornos externalizantes, principalmente con trastornos oposicionistas. Conclusiones: Esta investigación en población española confirma la existencia de agresividad hacia iguales en preescolares así como diferencias según sexo. Nuestra principal aportación es haber encontrado diferencias de sexo en el inicio y en los tipos de agresividad hacia iguales.Objective: to establish the prevalence and associations of peer aggression as manifested in preschool children, in community-based populations and to study links with DSM-IV externalizing diagnoses. Method: Subjects were 1,104 children, 3-to-5-year-olds attending rural and urban pre-schools classes. Teachers completed the Peer Conflict Scale (PCS) to inform about direct physical and verbal aggression, object aggression and symbolic aggression and the questionnaire on psychopathology ECI-4. Results: 6.6% (n = 73) had at least one positive item on the PCS. This percentage dropped to 2.6% (n = 29) if we take into account a minimum of three positive items. Physical direct aggression was the more prevalent type of aggressive behavior, followed by verbal aggression, object aggression and symbolic aggression. Significant differences by gender and age were found. Peer aggression was associated with male gender from three years of age. Physical, object and verbal aggressive behavior was linked with externalizing disorders. This association was very strong with oppositional disorder. Conclusions: The present research with a Spanish population confirms the existence of peer aggression in preschoolers and the gender differences. Our chief contribution is about the age of emergence of sex differences and gender differences in different types of peer aggression

C and O isotopes of the Riópar Non-Sulfide Zn Ores (Albacete, SE Spain)

Depto. de Mineralogía y PetrologíaFac. de Ciencias GeológicasFALSEEspaña. Ministerio de Economía y Competitividadpu

Reactive transport modelling of ore mineral zoning and the paragenesis of copper sulfides in sediment-hosted stratiform ore deposits, the Katanga Copperbelt (DRC)

© 2016, Geologica Belgica. All rights reserved. Reactive transport modelling was carried out to simulate the transport and precipitation conditions of copper sulfide minerals in the sediment-hosted ore deposits of the Central African Copperbelt. The results illustrate the advancement of a mineral front due to the reaction of copper-rich fluids with host rocks. Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) initially precipitates in the reducing host rock and pyrite (FeS2) dissolves, but the latter re-precipitates as a halo beyond the chalcopyrite. Continuous supply of copper causes the formation of the copper-rich sulfide bornite (Cu5FeS4) followed by chalcocite (Cu2S) with precipitation of chalcopyrite and pyrite further down the flow direction. Anhydrite disappears where both copper sulfides and pyrite are precipitated. The modelled sulfide paragenesis and the general distribution of these minerals correspond to patterns observed in rocks within the Katanga Copperbelt.status: publishe

Considerations About Antenna Pattern Measurements of 2-D Aperture Synthesis Radiometers

Accurate measurement of the antenna voltage patterns of large-aperture synthesis radiometers is critical in order to achieve good radiometric accuracy, and a very time consuming and expensive task. Measurement requirements and a tradeoff study relating radiometric accuracy degradation and number of elements to be measured are presented.Peer Reviewe

Metal mobilization from base-metal smelting slag dumps in Sierra Almagrera (Almería, Spain)

Smelting slags associated with base-metal vein deposits of the Sierra Almagrera area (SE Spain) show high concentrations of Ag (<5–180 ppm), As (12–750 ppm), Cu (45–183 ppm), Fe (3.2–29.8%), Pb (511–2150 ppm), Sb (22–620 ppm) and Zn (639–8600 ppm). The slags are mainly composed of quartz, fayalite, barite, melilite, celsian, pyrrhotite, magnetite, galena and Zn–Pb–Fe alloys. No glassy phases were detected. The following weathering-related secondary phases were found: jarosite–natrojarosite, cotunnite, cerussite, goethite, ferrihydrite, chalcanthite, copiapite, goslarite, halotrichite and szomolnokite. The weathering of slag dumps near the Mediterranean shoreline has contaminated the soils and groundwater, which has caused concentrations in groundwater to increase to 0.64 mg/L Cu, 40 mg/L Fe, 0.6 mg/L Mn, 7.6 mg/L Zn, 5.1 mg/L Pb and 19 lg/L As. The results of laboratory leach tests showed major solubilization of Al (0.89–12.6 mg/L), Cu (>2.0 mg/L), Fe (0.22–9.8 mg/L), Mn (0.85–40.2 mg/L), Ni (0.092–2.7 mg/L), Pb (>2.0 mg/L) and Zn (>2.5 mg/L), and mobilization of Ag (0.2–31 lg/L), As (5.2–31 lg/L), Cd (1.3–36.8 lg/L) and Hg (0.2–7 lg/L). The leachates were modeled using the numerical code PHREEQC. The results suggested the dissolution of fayalite, ferrihydrite, jarosite, pyrrhotite, goethite, anglesite, goslarite, chalcanthite and cotunnite. The presence of secondary phases in the slag dumps and contaminated soils may indicate the mobilization of metals and metalloids, and help to explain the sources of groundwater contamination.Peer Reviewe

Metal mobilization from base-metal smelting slag dumps in Sierra Almagrera (Almería, Spain)

Smelting slags associated with base-metal vein deposits of the Sierra Almagrera area (SE Spain) show high concentrations of Ag (<5–180 ppm), As (12–750 ppm), Cu (45–183 ppm), Fe (3.2–29.8%), Pb (511–2150 ppm), Sb (22–620 ppm) and Zn (639–8600 ppm). The slags are mainly composed of quartz, fayalite, barite, melilite, celsian, pyrrhotite, magnetite, galena and Zn–Pb–Fe alloys. No glassy phases were detected. The following weathering-related secondary phases were found: jarosite–natrojarosite, cotunnite, cerussite, goethite, ferrihydrite, chalcanthite, copiapite, goslarite, halotrichite and szomolnokite. The weathering of slag dumps near the Mediterranean shoreline has contaminated the soils and groundwater, which has caused concentrations in groundwater to increase to 0.64 mg/L Cu, 40 mg/L Fe, 0.6 mg/L Mn, 7.6 mg/L Zn, 5.1 mg/L Pb and 19 lg/L As. The results of laboratory leach tests showed major solubilization of Al (0.89–12.6 mg/L), Cu (>2.0 mg/L), Fe (0.22–9.8 mg/L), Mn (0.85–40.2 mg/L), Ni (0.092–2.7 mg/L), Pb (>2.0 mg/L) and Zn (>2.5 mg/L), and mobilization of Ag (0.2–31 lg/L), As (5.2–31 lg/L), Cd (1.3–36.8 lg/L) and Hg (0.2–7 lg/L). The leachates were modeled using the numerical code PHREEQC. The results suggested the dissolution of fayalite, ferrihydrite, jarosite, pyrrhotite, goethite, anglesite, goslarite, chalcanthite and cotunnite. The presence of secondary phases in the slag dumps and contaminated soils may indicate the mobilization of metals and metalloids, and help to explain the sources of groundwater contamination.Peer Reviewe

Fault-controlled and stratabound dolostones in the Late Aptianeearliest Albian Benassal Formation (Maestrat Basin, E Spain): Petrology and geochemistry constrains

International audienceFault-controlled hydrothermal dolomitization of the Late Aptian to earliest Albian Benassal Fm shallow water carbonates resulted in the seismic-scale stratabound dolostone geobodies that characterize the Benicassim case study (Maestrat Basin, E Spain). Petrological and geochemical data indicate that dolomite cement (DC1) filling intergranular porosity in grain-dominated facies constituted the initial stage ofdolomitization. The bulk of the dolostone is formed by a replacive nonplanar-a to planar-s dolomite (RD1) crystal mosaic with very low porosity and characteristic retentive fabric. Neomorphic recrystallization of RD1 to form replacive dolomite RD2 occurred by successive dolomitizing fluid flow. Thereplacement sequence DC1-RD1-RD2 is characterized by a depletion in the oxygen isotopic composition (mean d18O(V-PDB) values from -6.92, to -8.55, to -9.86‰), which is interpreted to result from progressively higher temperature fluids. Clear dolomite overgrowths (overdolomitization) precipitated during the last stage of replacement. Strontium isotopic composition suggests that the most likely origin of magnesium was Cretaceous seawater-derived brines that were heated and enriched in radiogenic strontium and iron while circulating through the Paleozoic basement and/or Permo-Triassic red beds. Burial curves and analytical data indicate that the replacement took place at burial depths between 500and 750 m, and by hydrothermal fluids exceeding temperatures of 80°C. Following the partial dolomitization of the host rock, porosity considerably increased in dolostones by burial corrosion related to the circulation of acidic fluids derived from the emplacement of the Mississippi Valley-Type deposits. Overpressured acidic fluids circulated along faults, fractures and open stylolites. Saddle dolomite and ore-stage calcite cement filled most of the newly created vuggy porosity. Subsequent to MVT mineralization, precipitation of calcite cements resulted from the migration of meteoric-derived fluids during uplift and subaerial exposure. This late calcite cement destroyed most of the dolostone porosity and constitutes the main cause for its present day poor reservoir quality

Variability in fluid sources in the fluorite deposits from Asturias (N Spain): further evidences from REE, radiogenic (Sr, Sm, Nd) and stable (S, C. O) isotopic data

Fluorite deposits in Asturias (Iberian Peninsula, N Spain) are hosted in Permo-Triassic and Paleozoic rocks. The three main districts of Berbes, La Collada and Villabona preferentially occur along the margins of a Mesozoic basin and comprise veins and stratabound mineralization composed of fluorite, barite, calcite, dolomite, quartz and sulphides. Although the geological framework is similar and fluorite dominates in all deposits, variability in sources and processes has led to each area having its own distinctive characteristics. Sr isotope data of fluorite, calcite and barite (87Sr/86Sr = 0.7080 to 0.7105) are compatible with a mixing between seawater and an evolved groundwater that interacted with basement rocks. Sm/Nd ratios in fluorites from Villabona district provide an isochron age of 185 ± 28 Ma (Late Triassic–Late Jurassic), consistent with other hydrothermal events in the Iberian Peninsula and Europe. The total REE content of fluorite increases from Berbes to Villabona by an order of magnitude (0.4 to 9.3). The La/Lu ratio in fluorites decreases from a mean value of 0.36 in Berbes, 0.17 in La Collada to 0.09 in Villabona indicating a strong fractionation between LREE and HREE. Calculated δ18O of fluids ranges from 0.3 to + 7.4‰ during barite precipitation, from + 0.8 to + 4‰ during quartz formation and around + 3‰ during carbonate deposition. The δ34S of barite (+ 17 to + 56‰), is explained by sulphate reduction processes (either thermochemically or bacterially mediated) in a system closed with respect to sulphate. The δ34S of sulphide (+ 0.6 to − 32‰) is compatible with these processes although bacterial processes must have dominated at Villabona. Organic matter was an important source of C in the fluids especially in Villabona (δ13C = − 14.8 to − 2.5‰ in calcites and from − 7.9 to − 2.2‰ in dolomites). Differences in host rock and position within the basin, and the lithology of the basement, seem to have exerted a strong control on the chemistry of mineralizing fluids providing each district with distinctive characteristics