Political culture and the labour movement: a comparison between Poplar and West Ham, 1889-1914

This thesis compares two areas of East London, Poplar and West Ham,that ultimately became strongholds of the Labour Party. The thesis attemptsto answer the crucial question of why, prior to 1914, it seemed as if Labour had succeeded in South West Ham but had failed to achieve similar representation in Poplar. This thesis considers that although contemporaries had identified similar social and economic problems in both Poplar and West Ham in the early twentieth century, more detailed analysis reveals differences as well as similarities in the underlying economic and social structure, which had implications for political outcomes. The difference in attitude of local trade unionists and councillors was crucial as was the behaviour of the political leadership. The reason for this, it will be shown, lay in the characters of the individuals who led their respective activists, as well as in the social and economic structure of the two boroughs. Using the theoretical model of social movements and political parties it is hoped that an understanding may be reached as to why socialist politics in these two boroughs, apparently so similar, achieved different outcomes in the years prior to 1914. The initial chapters outline the social and economic conditions in the boroughs and the national attitudes to their problems. Chapters Three and Four consider the left wing activists and their leaders, exploring their differing attitudes to the social and economic problems and their different styles ofpolitical activity. Chapter Five discusses the difficulties experienced by activists in achieving local and national representation so as to effect social and political change. Chapters Six, Seven and Eight, by considering the issue of unemployment, the campaign for women' s suffrage and the history of the Great Unrest, exemplify the main argument of this thesis. Thus by assessing economic factors, employment patterns and trade unionism, problems with the franchise and elector registration, the quality of local party organisation and the different attitudes and aspirations of the local activists, this thesis will test the hypothesis that the reason for the difference in political fortunes in these two boroughs was that left wing activity in Poplar was more characteristic of a social movement and that of West Ham was more representative of a political party

Charitable Giving Among University Students: New Generation of Donors; Old School Preferences for Communication

Conney, Caley. (2017). Charitable Giving Among University Students: New Generation of Donors; Old School Preferences for Communication. Retrieved from the University Digital Conservancy, https://hdl.handle.net/11299/189167

Development of a Brief Assessment Battery to Inform Clinical Interventions During Multidisciplinary Visits for Patients with Neurofibromatosis Type 1

Introduction. Risk reduction programs for patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) targeting early detection of neurocognitive impairments are in high demand. Neurocognitive deficits impact up to 80% of NF1 patients in ≥1 domains: attention, language skills, executive functioning, and intellectual functioning. The primary aim of this 6-month longitudinal study was to examine the relationship between a more comprehensive assessment tool (Wechsler Intelligence Scale For Children: 5th Ed; WISC-V) with a brief cognitive assessment tool (NIH Toolbox Cognition). Methods. Pediatric patients with NF1 were 6-16 years (M age : 11 ± 3.4; 65.5% female; 58.6% non-Latinx white, 34.5% non-Latinx minoritized, 6.9% Latinx). Patients completed the WISC-V and NIH Toolbox Cognition at baseline. Results. There were moderate to strong bivariate relationships between the WISC-V full scale and primary index scores with the NIH Toolbox Cognition primary index and total cognitive standard scores (r = .49-.72, p \u3c .05). WISC-V scales measuring verbal comprehension (r = .52-.72), visual spatial processing (r = .60), fluid reasoning (r = .55), working memory (r = .69), and processing speed (r = .56-.73) were significantly related to NIH Cognition subscales measuring similar domains (p \u3c .05). Conclusions. The present study supports the use of abbreviated neuro-cognitive assessment batteries to inform clinical interventions for pediatric patients with NF1. Untreated neurocognitive impairments in childhood are associated with increased rates of psychological distress and worse functional outcomes in adulthood (e.g., lower academic and vocational achievement, lower income, and unemployment). Psychologists integrated within multidisciplinary clinical teams need brief assessment and intervention tools that can be integrated as part of routine clinical care. Preventative early assessment and problem-focused interventions will serve as a protective factor by ultimately reducing risk of developing adverse outcomes in adolescence and adulthood; enabling this vulnerable pediatric cohort to be successful across the developmental lifespan from childhood to adulthood

Further studies on the relationship of the stimulatory effects of phenobarbital and 3,4-benzpyrene on hepatic heme synthesis to their effects on hepatic microsomal drug oxidations

The administration of either phenobarbital or 3,4-benzpyrene to rats resulted in the rapid and marked induction of [delta]-aminolevulinic acid synthetase (EC 2.3.1.13), the proposed initial and rate-limiting enzyme in the hepatic heme biosynthetic pathway. Enhanced formation of [delta]-aminolevulinic acid was followed sequentially by an enhancement of the liver's capacity to synthesize microsomal heme in vivo, increases in the content of cytochrome P-450 and protoheme in hepatic microsomes and stimulation of certain hepatic microsomal drug oxidations.Changes in the hepatic microsomal levels of cytochrome P-450 paralleled, in part, changes in the activity of hepatic [delta]-aminolevulinic acid synthetase and in the capacity of the liver to synthesize microsomal heme in vivo, suggesting that the rate of hepatic heme synthesis may control the rate of synthesis of hepatic microsomal cytochome P-450. Increases in the hepatic microsomal content of cytochrome b5, however, followed a different time course from that observed from either cytochrome P-450 or protoheme.The simultaneous administration of maximum stimulatory doses of phenobarbital and 3,4-benzpyrene did not result in an additive stimulation of [delta]-aminolevulinic acid synthetase activity, indicating that phenobarbital and 3,4-benzpyrene induce [delta]-aminolevulinic acid synthetase by the same or closely related mechanisms. However, the stimulatory effects of these agents on cytochrome P-450 and on the N-demethylation of 3-methyl-4-monomethylaminoazobenzene were additive, suggesting that differences may exist in the mechanism by which phenobarbital and 3,4-benzpyrene induce hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 and enhance certain hepatic microsomal drug oxidations.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/32724/1/0000092.pd

Stimulation of nuclear protein synthesis in rat liver after phenobarbital administration

When a 40 min pulse of leucine-3H was administered to rats 2 hrs after 75 mg/kg of phenobarbital (Pb), there was a 70% increase above control in labeling of microsomal protein and of a nuclear protein fraction extracted with 1 M NaCl. When a 40 min pulse of labeled leucine was given 24 hrs after a single injection of Pb (75 mg/kg), there was a 42% stimulation in the specific activity of microsomal protein but an 87% enhancement, compared to control, in the nuclear protein fraction. Separation of the nuclear fraction on DEAE-cellulose columns indicated that there was a 5-fold stimulation in the specific activity of one of the protein peaks from the nuclear protein fraction of the Pb-treated rats. These data indicate that Pb administration enhances the synthesis of various protein fractions in hepatic cells and suggest that these events may be involved in the enzyme induction produced by this drug.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/32732/1/0000100.pd

THE EFFECT OF OXEN ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY AND FARM INCOME IN NICARAGUA

This study1 uses survey data to assess the effect of oxen as draft animals on agricultural productivity and farm agricultural income in Nicaragua during the year 2017. The results suggest that farms that use oxen to plow the land have higher bean productivity than farms that use stick to plant crops. On average, using oxen increases farm’s bean output by 7.75 100-pound bags, and hiring oxen increases farm’s bean output by 8.5 100-pound bags. Also, using or hiring oxen increases total farm planted area. The main finding about the effect of oxen to plow the land through farm planted area on agricultural farm gross income suggests that using oxen to plow the land increases agricultural farm gross income by 18.13 percent, and that hiring oxen increases agricultural farm gross income by 25.55 percent

The role of heme synthesis during the induction of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 and drug metabolism produced by benzpyrene

[delta]-Aminolevulinic acid synthetase, the initial and rate limiting step in hepatic heme synthesis, is induced by both benzpyrene and phenobarbital. Induction of this enzyme by benzpyrene results in the stimulation of glycine-2-14C incorporation into hepatic microsomal heme in vivo and in the induction of cytochrome P-450 and N-demethylase activity. 3-Amino-1,2,4-triazole, an inhibitor of the second step in hepatic heme synthesis, prevents the stimulation of hepatic heme synthesis and the induction of P-450 and N-demethylase activity. It is suggested that induction of [delta]-aminolevulinic acid synthetase leading to increases in hepatic heme synthesis may be the mechanism by which benzpyrene induces cytochrome P-450 and certain hepatic microsomal oxidations.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/32915/1/0000295.pd

Pre- and post-initiation modulating effects of green tea ingestion on rat hepatocarcinogenesis

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of green tea ingestion on hepatocarcinogenesis before and after its initiation. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed an AIN76A diet with or without green tea. Initiation was induced by a single dose (200 mg/kg) of diethylnitrosamine at week 4 and 0.02% (w/w) 2-acetylaminofluorene was supplied in the diets. The control group had free access to water for 13 weeks (CTR13). Tea infusion was provided from the beginning of the experiment for 13 weeks (PRE13) or from the post-initiation stage until week 13 (POST13). Three other groups (CTR24, PRE24 and POST24) were added to examine the longer-term effects (24 weeks) with the same experimental design. The percentage area of liver sections that were positive for hepatic placental glutathione S-transferase (GST-P), which was used as a marker of preneoplastic lesions, was smaller in PRE13 (20.2 ± 5.0%, mean ± SD) and POST13 (26.0 ± 4.8%) than in CTR13 (33.2 ± 5.8%, p<0.05). Over the longer period, the GST-P lesions were significantly smaller for both PRE24 and POST24 (21.6 ± 8.5% and 22.2 ± 4.0%, respectively) than for CTR24 (28.6 ± 5.1%, p<0.05), but there was no significant difference between PRE24 and POST24. The liver content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances was significantly lower in the tea groups than in the controls (p<0.05). However, no significant differences were observed among groups of GST activity. The results show that tea consumption exhibits a stronger short-term initiation-inhibiting ability in liver carcinogenesis, but over a longer period, the preventive effects of green tea ingestion do not differ in post- and pre-initiation

Sustainable use and commercialisation of bushmeat in Colombia: Toward the operationalization of legal frameworks

Key points • Under Colombian law, the sale of game to cover basic needs (e.g. housing, health, education) or to buy other food items is not allowed, since this is considered commercial hunting and does not fall under provisions allowing for subsistence bushmeat hunting. • Law 611 (2000) opened the path to legal commercial use of wildlife. In practice, however, the requirements for obtaining legal permits for commercial hunting activities make it extremely challenging for rural communities to obtain them. • Aware of the role that bushmeat plays in food security, family economy and cultural identity among many rural communities, a number of high-profile Colombian environmental institutions participated in a workshop in 2015 to discuss the operationalisation of the legal framework for the trade in bushmeat by rural communities. • One of the main conclusions of the workshop was that commercial hunting regulations need to legally distinguish between large-scale commercial hunting and the sale of surplus game by subsistence hunters in rural communities. Indeed, these two types of commercial hunting differ in terms of the scale of action, the governance systems in place and the ways in which benefits are equitably distributed among different actors. • The main recommendation was that the regulatory framework should adopt flexible management processes for the local development of sustainable management rules (e.g. list of tradable species, quotas, open seasons, monitoring and evaluation systems). This would allow for the recognition of the specificities of each socio-ecological context, rather than imposing a national-level framework that would likely fail, given Colombia’s diverse biological and cultural characteristics