Etude du coût cognitif de l'écriture SMS chez les adolescents

SMS (Short Message Servicing) encourage the emergence of new writing forms and provides the opportunity to study in an original way the general processes of written production. The study of these processes allowed the highlighting of cognitive load that they represent during their simultaneous implementation. However, if these issues have been widely studied in conventional written production, appearance over the new forms of writing provide an opportunity to study spelling in a new way. One of the main characteristics of SMS writing (eSMS) is the use of unconventional orthographic forms (e.g., Slt pk tu menvoi ce mess? Biz [Hi why r u sending me this txt? Kisses]) which may seem, at first, simpler and easier than the conventional writing. The aim of this thesis is to demonstrate a cognitive load of producing specific processes of SMS writing (eSMS) for novices and their automation with the acquisition of expertise. In the context of a writing test of SMSes, we varied on the one hand the level of expertise of the participants in the use of SMS writing and, secondly, the attention they could bring to this task through a variety of changes in the experimental dual task paradigm. The results of various experimental studies support the conclusion that the production of eSMS specific processes has a cognitive load, like those of conventional writing. This cognitive load is especially high among novice users, with what is observed mainly at the end of a message. In addition, automation of these processes can be observed with the acquisition of expertise.Le SMS (Short Message Service) a favorisé la création d’une nouvelle forme d’écriture et offre la possibilité d’analyser de façon originale les processus généraux de la production écrite. L’étude de ces processus a permis de mettre en exergue le coût cognitif qu’ils représentent lors de leur mise en œuvre simultanée. Toutefois, si ces questions ont beaucoup été étudiées en production écrite conventionnelle, l’apparition de nouvelles formes d’écriture donnent l’occasion d’étudier l’orthographe de façon inédite. L’une des principales caractéristiques de l’écriture SMS (eSMS) est l’utilisation de formes orthographiques non conventionnelles (e.g., Slt pk tu menvoi ce mess ? Biz) qui peuvent sembler, au premier abord, plus simple et plus facile que celles de l’écriture conventionnelle. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est donc de démontrer l’existence d’un coût cognitif de la production des processus spécifiques de l’écriture SMS chez les novices et de leur automatisation avec l’acquisition d’une expertise. Dans le cadre d’une épreuve d’écriture de SMS, nous avons fait varier, d’une part, le degré d’expertise des participants dans la pratique du SMS et, d’autre part, l’attention qu’ils pouvaient porter à cette tâche grâce à diverses variations du paradigme expérimental de la double tâche. Les résultats des différentes études expérimentales montrent que la production des processus spécifiques de l’eSMS présente un coût cognitif, comme ceux de l’écriture conventionnelle. Ce coût est particulièrement élevé chez les utilisateurs novices, et s’observe essentiellement en fin de message. Les processus spécifiques de l’eSMS s’automatisent ensuite avec l’acquisition d’une expertise

Bioceramics: spark plasma sintering (SPS) of calcium phosphates

Calcium phosphates (Ca-P) are major constituents of calcified tissues, and are also extensively used for the elaboration of biomaterials. However, the usual high-temperature sintering processes generally lead to strong alterations of their chemical, physical and biological properties. Spark plasma sintering (SPS) is a non-conventional sintering technique based on the use of pulsed current, enabling fast heating and cooling rates, and lower sintering temperatures are often observed. The sintering of several orthophosphates (DCPD, amorphous TCP, beta-TCP, OCP, HA and biomimetic nanocrystalline apatites) by SPS was investigated in order to track potential advantages of this technique over usual Ca-P sintering methods. Special attention was given to the SPS consolidation of highly bioactive nanocrystalline apatites

La mémorisation de l'orthographe des mots lus en CM2: effet du traitement visuel simultané.

National audienceLexical orthographic acquisition is a complex and largely unknown process which occurs largely during reading. This acquisition could be influenced partially by decoding awareness, and by others under-specified factors. Both theoretical and empirical data suggest that the visual processing made during word reading could influence lexical orthographic acquisition. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that simultaneous visual processing of all the letters of a word is important for lexical orthographic acquisition in long term memory. A self-teaching paradigm was used with fifth graders. During a reading phase, the possibility of whole-word visual processing was manipulated. After a delay of either one or seven days, the memorisation of targets' orthographic form was assessed. Results showed that, whatever the delay between reading and orthographic assessment, lexical orthographic acquisition is better after a whole-word visual processing

Nanocrystalline apatites: From powders to biomaterials

Non-stoichiometric nanocrystalline apatite powders are used to elaborate highly-bioactive biomaterials. Their exceptional surface reactivity arises from a structured but rather unstable hydrated layer involving ions in nonapatitic chemical environments, like in bone mineral. The initial powder characteristics can be tailored through precipitation parameters (pH, temperature, maturation time in solution). The drying of nanocrystalline apatite suspensions at very low temperature (4 °C) leads to ceramic-like materials exhibiting average mechanical properties (compressive strength 54 MPa) and a high porosity which could be exploited to entrap active organic compounds (e.g. growth factors). The consolidation at 150–200 °C of nanocrystalline apatite powders has also been studied using uni-axial pressing and spark plasma sintering (SPS). The results indicate only a limited alteration of the initial nanocrystals, and the bioceramics obtained show mechanical properties close to those reached with sintered stoichiometric HA. The high ion mobility in the hydrated layer of the nanocrystals can lead to “crystal fusion” processes. This capability to favor crystal–crystal interactions at low temperature, while preserving the non-stoichiometry and nanometer dimensions of apatite crystals, opens interesting perspectives for the elaboration of new resorbable and highly-bioactive bioceramics

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome associated with COVID-19: An Emulated Target Trial Analysis.

RATIONALE: Whether COVID patients may benefit from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) compared with conventional invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the effect of ECMO on 90-Day mortality vs IMV only Methods: Among 4,244 critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 included in a multicenter cohort study, we emulated a target trial comparing the treatment strategies of initiating ECMO vs. no ECMO within 7 days of IMV in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (PaO2/FiO2 <80 or PaCO2 ≥60 mmHg). We controlled for confounding using a multivariable Cox model based on predefined variables. MAIN RESULTS: 1,235 patients met the full eligibility criteria for the emulated trial, among whom 164 patients initiated ECMO. The ECMO strategy had a higher survival probability at Day-7 from the onset of eligibility criteria (87% vs 83%, risk difference: 4%, 95% CI 0;9%) which decreased during follow-up (survival at Day-90: 63% vs 65%, risk difference: -2%, 95% CI -10;5%). However, ECMO was associated with higher survival when performed in high-volume ECMO centers or in regions where a specific ECMO network organization was set up to handle high demand, and when initiated within the first 4 days of MV and in profoundly hypoxemic patients. CONCLUSIONS: In an emulated trial based on a nationwide COVID-19 cohort, we found differential survival over time of an ECMO compared with a no-ECMO strategy. However, ECMO was consistently associated with better outcomes when performed in high-volume centers and in regions with ECMO capacities specifically organized to handle high demand. This article is open access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Study of the cognitive load in adolescents’ SMS writing

Le SMS (Short Message Service) a favorisé la création d’une nouvelle forme d’écriture et offre la possibilité d’analyser de façon originale les processus généraux de la production écrite. L’étude de ces processus a permis de mettre en exergue le coût cognitif qu’ils représentent lors de leur mise en œuvre simultanée. Toutefois, si ces questions ont beaucoup été étudiées en production écrite conventionnelle, l’apparition de nouvelles formes d’écriture donnent l’occasion d’étudier l’orthographe de façon inédite. L’une des principales caractéristiques de l’écriture SMS (eSMS) est l’utilisation de formes orthographiques non conventionnelles (e.g., Slt pk tu menvoi ce mess ? Biz) qui peuvent sembler, au premier abord, plus simple et plus facile que celles de l’écriture conventionnelle. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est donc de démontrer l’existence d’un coût cognitif de la production des processus spécifiques de l’écriture SMS chez les novices et de leur automatisation avec l’acquisition d’une expertise. Dans le cadre d’une épreuve d’écriture de SMS, nous avons fait varier, d’une part, le degré d’expertise des participants dans la pratique du SMS et, d’autre part, l’attention qu’ils pouvaient porter à cette tâche grâce à diverses variations du paradigme expérimental de la double tâche. Les résultats des différentes études expérimentales montrent que la production des processus spécifiques de l’eSMS présente un coût cognitif, comme ceux de l’écriture conventionnelle. Ce coût est particulièrement élevé chez les utilisateurs novices, et s’observe essentiellement en fin de message. Les processus spécifiques de l’eSMS s’automatisent ensuite avec l’acquisition d’une expertise.SMS (Short Message Servicing) encourage the emergence of new writing forms and provides the opportunity to study in an original way the general processes of written production. The study of these processes allowed the highlighting of cognitive load that they represent during their simultaneous implementation. However, if these issues have been widely studied in conventional written production, appearance over the new forms of writing provide an opportunity to study spelling in a new way. One of the main characteristics of SMS writing (eSMS) is the use of unconventional orthographic forms (e.g., Slt pk tu menvoi ce mess? Biz [Hi why r u sending me this txt? Kisses]) which may seem, at first, simpler and easier than the conventional writing. The aim of this thesis is to demonstrate a cognitive load of producing specific processes of SMS writing (eSMS) for novices and their automation with the acquisition of expertise. In the context of a writing test of SMSes, we varied on the one hand the level of expertise of the participants in the use of SMS writing and, secondly, the attention they could bring to this task through a variety of changes in the experimental dual task paradigm. The results of various experimental studies support the conclusion that the production of eSMS specific processes has a cognitive load, like those of conventional writing. This cognitive load is especially high among novice users, with what is observed mainly at the end of a message. In addition, automation of these processes can be observed with the acquisition of expertise

Bilans clinique, épidémiologique et étiologique de la myopathie atypique du cheval de pré

La myopathie atypique (MA), rhabdomyolyse aiguë et fatale dans 80% des cas, est une maladie saisonnière, non contagieuse qui ne touche que les chevaux au pré. Sa prévalence augmente chaque automne mais son étiologie reste inconnue. Ce travail présente les données de la littérature et celles recueillies par le Réseau d'Epidémiosurveillance en Pathologie Equine (RESPE). Sur les 49 cas transmis par le RESPE, 32 ont été classés confirmés ou hautement probables de MA et 17 infirmés ou peu probables de MA. L'étude des deux groupes a permis d'établir un tableau clinique, de déterminer le contexte épidémiologique de la MA et de construire une démarche diagnostique basée essentiellement sur des analyses sanguines et histologiques. La physiopathologie de la MA repose sur une déficience des flavoprotéines de la chaîne respiratoire mitochondriale. Aucun des agents pathogènes classiques n'a pu être validé comme cause de la MA. Les toxines clostridiennes pourraient être impliquées en raison des fortes similitudes entre la maladie de l'herbe et la MA. Cette étude dresse donc un bilan exhaustif sur cette atteinte musculaire fulgurante et d'actualité et propose un plan de prise en charge efficace d'un cas de MA.MAISONS-ALFORT-Ecole Vétérin (940462302) / SudocSudocFranceF

Pose-moi ce smartphone ! Cela ne va pas améliorer ton orthographe

Adolescents use many textisms in their text messages, which raises questions about the influence of these forms on the quality of their spelling knowledge. 144 French adolescents (M=13.4 years old) performed a dictation task of isolated words before and after exposure to 30 target items presentedaccording to 3 experimental conditions: correct, incorrect, or textism spelling form. The results of the Bayesian analysis suggest that exposure to textisms,as well as to an incorrect version, does not impact the orthographic quality of productions in the short term.Les adolescents utilisent de nombreux textismes dans leurs SMS, ce qui interroge quant à l'influence de ces formes sur la qualité des connaissances orthographiques qu'ils possèdent. 144 adolescents français (M=13,4 ans) ont réalisé une tâche de dictée de mots isolés avant et après exposition à 30 items cibles présentés selon 3 conditions expérimentales : forme orthographique correcte, erronée ou textisme. Les résultats de l'analyse bayésienne suggèrent que l'exposition aux textismes, ainsi qu'à une version erronée, n'impacte pas à court terme la qualité orthographique des productions

SMS en Guyane et en Métropole : étude chez des adolescents de 14 ans

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