TOURISM, VILLAGE SPACE AND THE RE-APPROPRIATION OF RURAL: TOWARDS A NEW SOCIAL ORGANISATION OF THE COUNTRYSIDE

Modern countryside is increasingly becoming a place ‘utilised’ by city dwellers, a phenomenon particularly observable in Greece, where distances are relatively small and relations between villages and cities remain strong. The case of two Greek villages, where tourism has played a leading part in their social and economic recovery, will help us understand, through a conflict analysis, the way in which different expectations and aspirations expressed by various groups of local actors, concerning the use of rural space, determine the development and social organisation of rural areas.tourism, appropriation conflicts, use of rural space

TOURISM, VILLAGE SPACE AND THE RE-APPROPRIATION OF RURAL: TOWARDS A NEW SOCIAL ORGANISATION OF THE COUNTRYSIDE

Modern countryside is increasingly becoming a place ‘utilised’ by city dwellers, a phenomenon particularly observable in Greece, where distances are relatively small and relations between villages and cities remain strong. The case of two Greek villages, where tourism has played a leading part in their social and economic recovery, will help us understand, through a conflict analysis, the way in which different expectations and aspirations expressed by various groups of local actors, concerning the use of rural space, determine the development and social organisation of rural areas

TOURISM, VILLAGE SPACE AND THE RE-APPROPRIATION OF RURAL: TOWARDS A NEW SOCIAL ORGANISATION OF THE COUNTRYSIDE

Modern countryside is increasingly becoming a place ‘utilised’ by city dwellers, a phenomenon particularly observable in Greece, where distances are relatively small and relations between villages and cities remain strong. The case of two Greek villages, where tourism has played a leading part in their social and economic recovery, will help us understand, through a conflict analysis, the way in which different expectations and aspirations expressed by various groups of local actors, concerning the use of rural space, determine the development and social organisation of rural areas

«Η θεατρική αγωγή ως παράγοντας κινητοποίησης των μαθητών στη διδασκαλία των Αρχαίων Ελληνικών από Μετάφραση». Μια μελέτη περίπτωσης στους μαθητές της Β΄ Γυμνασίου με την αξιοποίηση της θεωρίας των Πολλαπλών Τύπων Νοημοσύνης»

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία αφορά στη χρήση των θεατρικών τεχνικών στη διδασκαλία των Αρχαίων Ελληνικών από μετάφραση. Σκοπός της εργασίας είναι να διερευνηθεί η ύπαρξη διαφοροποίησης ως προς το παιδαγωγικό κλίμα και τις διαπροσωπικές σχέσεις εντός της σχολικής αίθουσας με τη χρήση των θεατρικών τεχνικών και, δευτερευόντως, η διαφοροποίηση της συμμετοχής των μαθητών συσχετιζόμενη με τον τύπο νοημοσύνης τους. Η έρευνα που πραγματοποιήθηκε εντάσσεται στο είδος της Μελέτης Περίπτωσης και είχε ως αντικείμενο μελέτης της τους μαθητές ενός τμήματος της Α΄ Γυμνασίου σε ιδιωτικό σχολείο της Αθήνας. Για τη συλλογή των ερευνητικών δεδομένων χρησιμοποιήθηκαν η «παρατήρηση», η «συνέντευξη» και το «ερωτηματολόγιο». Από τα ευρήματα της έρευνας διαπιστώνεται ότι οι θεατρικές τεχνικές παρέχουν τη δυνατότητα διαμόρφωσης ενός θετικού παιδαγωγικού κλίματος, ενώ υπάρχει αισθητή διαφοροποίηση της συμμετοχής των μαθητών. Αναφορικά με τη αύξηση της συμμετοχής και τους Πολλαπλούς Τύπους Νοημοσύνης των μαθητών, φαίνεται να προκύπτει κάποια συσχέτιση, αφού οι μαθητές των οποίων η συμμετοχή αυξήθηκε, κατείχαν τύπους νοημοσύνης που επηρεάζονται θετικά από τη χρήση θεατρικών τεχνικών.The present thesis deals with the use of theatrical techniques in the teaching of Ancient Greek from translation. The purpose of this work is to investigate the existence of a differentiation in the pedagogical climate and interpersonal relationships within the classroom with the use of theatrical techniques and, secondarily, to differentiate the participation of students in relation to their type of intelligence. The research can be accounted as a Case Study and was aimed at studying students in a private high school in Athens. "Observation", "interview" and "questionnaire" were used to collect the research data. The findings of the research show that theatrical techniques provide the opportunity to form a positive pedagogical climate, while there is a noticeable differentiation of student participation. Concerning increased participation and Multiple Types of Student Intelligence, some correlation seems to emerge, since students whose participation has increased have had types of intelligence that are positively influenced by the use of theatrical techniques

ΜΕΛΕΤΗ ΤΗΣ ΕΚΦΡΑΣΗΣ ΜΟΡΙΩΝ mRNA ΑΠΟΠΤΩΤΙΚΩΝ ΓΟΝΙΔΙΩΝ ΣΕ ΑΝΘΡΩΠΙΝΑ ΚΑΡΚΙΝΙΚΑ ΚΥΤΤΑΡΑ ΠΡΟΣΤΑΤΗ, ΥΠΟ ΤΗΝ ΕΠΙΔΡΑΣΗ ΑΝΑΣΤΟΛΕΩΝ ΤΟΥ ΠΡΩΤΕΑΣΩΜΑΤΟΣ

Ο καρκίνος του προστάτη είναι ο δεύτερος πιο συχνός καρκίνος και η πέμπτη κύρια αιτία θανάτου στους άνδρες για το έτος 2020, ενώ παρουσιάζει αξιοσημείωτη ετερογένεια στο επίπεδο εξέλιξης της νόσου. Το γεγονός αυτό μας ώθησε στο να αποτελέσει αντικείμενο μελέτης της παρούσας εργασίας. Η απόπτωση είναι ένα είδος κυτταρικού θανάτου το οποίο έχει μελετηθεί εις βάθος τα τελευταία χρόνια. Καλείται και ως προγραμματισμένος κυτταρικός θάνατος και πληθώρα μορίων εμπλέκονται τόσο στη διαδικασία αυτή καθαυτή όσο και στην ρύθμιση της. Στη διαδικασία αυτή τα μέλη της BCL2 οικογένειας φαίνεται να διαδραματίζουν εξέχοντα ρόλο. Τα μέλη της οικογένειας αυτής εμφανίζουν δομική ομολογία μεταξύ τους και χωρίζονται με βάση τη λειτουργικότητα τους σε δύο κατηγορίες: προ-αποπτωτικές και αντι-αποπτωτικές. Το πρωτεάσωμα είναι ένα ετερογενές σύμπλοκο, το οποίο εντοπίζεται σε όλα τα κύτταρα τόσο στο κυτταρόπλασμα, όσο και στο πυρήνα και στοχεύει σε πρωτεΐνες που είναι κατεστραμμένες, εσφαλμένα αναδιπλωμένες ή οξειδωμένες. Επιπλέον, διαδραματίζει κύριο ρόλο στη διάσπαση ρυθμιστικών πρωτεϊνών του κυτταρικού κύκλου, στη ρύθμιση μεταγραφικών παραγόντων καθώς και στην απόπτωση. Έτσι, γεννήθηκε η ιδέα της στόχευσης του πρωτεασώματος ως πιθανό στόχο αντικαρκινικής θεραπείας. Οι αναστολείς του πρωτεασώματος είναι μικρά μόρια, τα οποία έχουν τη δυνατότητα να αναστέλλουν την λειτουργία του πρωτεασώματος και έτσι συμμετέχουν στη ρύθμιση του κυτταρικού κύκλου καθώς και στην καταστολή καρκινικών όγκων. Ο κυτταρικός θάνατος έχει αποδειχθεί πως οφείλεται σε αυξημένη απόπτωση. Στη παρούσα Διπλωματική εργασία εστιάσαμε στον αναστολέα πρωτεασώματος πρώτης γενιάς, Bortezomib και στον αναστολέα δεύτερης γενιάς Carfilzomib, οι οποίοι εγκρίθηκαν από τον FDA για τη θεραπεία στο πολλαπλό μυέλωμα και στο λέμφωμα κυττάρων μανδύα, βρίσκονται σε κλινικές δοκιμές για θεραπεία συμπαγών όγκων, ενώ τέλος φαίνεται να επιδρούν σημαντικά σε πολυάριθμες οδούς κυτταρικής ρύθμισης. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, μελετήθηκε η αλλαγή των επιπέδων έκφρασης μορίων mRNA αντι-αποπτωτικών γονιδίων της οικογένειας BCL2, υπό την επίδραση των δύο αναστολέων του πρωτεασώματος, σε καρκινικά κύτταρα προστάτη. Βασιζόμενη στην υπάρχουσα βιβλιογραφία και στην ακόλουθη πειραματική πορεία, η οποία περιλάμβανε, τεχνικές κυτταροκαλλιέργειας και τεχνικές αντίστροφης μεταγραφής, απλής PCR αλλά και Real-time PCR, καταλήξαμε στην παρατήρηση αλλαγής των επιπέδων έκφρασης των αποπτωτικών γονιδίων, ανάλογα με τον αναστολέα που επιδράσαμε στις τρείς κυτταρικές σειρές καρκίνου του προστάτη. Στη κυτταρική σειρά DU 145 παρατηρήθηκε αύξηση των επιπέδων έκφρασης των γονιδίων BCLXL, BCL2L12 και BCL2L2 υπό την επίδραση του Bortezomib και μείωση των επιπέδων των αντίστοιχων γονιδίων υπό την επίδραση Carfilzomib. Επιλέον, στη κυτταρική σειρά LNCaP ανάμεσα στα τρία αυτά αποπτωτικά γονίδια παρατηρήθηκε αύξηση μόνο στα επίπεδα του γονιδίου BCLXL υπό την επίδραση του Bortezomib, ενώ υπό την επίδραση του Carfilzomib τα επίπεδα των τριών αποπτωτικών γονιδίων εμφανίστηκαν μειωμένα. Στη κυτταρική σειρά PC-3 και τα τρία αντι-αποπτωτικά γονίδια παρουσιάζουν μείωση στα επίπεδα της έκφρασης τους όταν επιδράσαμε με Bortezomib, ενώ κατά την επίδραση με Carfilzomib παρατηρήθηκε αύξηση των επιπέδων έκφρασης των BCL2L2, BCLXL και μείωση στα επίπεδα του γονιδίου BCL2L12. Συνεπώς, γίνεται αντιληπτό όσο αφορά τα γονίδια που μελετήθηκαν, ότι δεν φαίνεται να υπάρχει ένα συγκεκριμένο πρότυπο έκφρασης ανάμεσα στις κυτταρικές σειρές, αλλά ούτε και με τη χρήση των δύο μορίων αναστολέων του πρωτεασώματος. Το γεγονός αυτό καταδεικνύει την πολυπλοκότητα του μηχανισμού της απόπτωσης και προδίδει μια ετερογενή συμμετοχή των γονιδίων της BCL2 οικογένειας στο μηχανισμό αυτό.Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer and the fifth leading cause of death in men for the year 2020. Apoptosis is a type of cell death that is also called programmed cell death. A variety of molecules are involved with members of the BCL2 family playing a prominent role. The members of this family show structural similarity to each other and are divided into two categories based on their functionality: pre-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic. The 26S proteasome is the major protease in eukaryotic cells, responsible for protein degradation in both the cytosol and the nucleus and plays fundamentally indispensable roles in regulating almost all major aspects of cellular activities. Moreover, the proteasome proteolytically degrades a plethora of cell proteins implicated in the regulation of basic cellular processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, cell cycle, and apoptosis. Proteasome inhibitors are small molecules that have the potential to inhibit the proteolytic activity of the proteasome and may act as cell cycle regulators or tumor suppressors. Bortezomib and Carfilzomib are two proteasome inhibitors that have been approved for the treatment of multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma, and their effectiveness is being studied for other diseases. Herein, we conduct a study about the change in the expression levels of anti-apoptotic mRNA BCL2 family molecules after treatment with Bortezomib and Carfilzomib in prostate cancer cells. According to the existing literature and the experimental studies, which included cell culture techniques, reverse transcription, PCR and Real-time PCR techniques, in the present study we have demonstrated an alteration in the expression levels of anti-apoptotic genes, depending on the proteasome inhibitor which is used and the prostate cell lines which is treated. Overall, in DU 145 and LNCaP cell lines after treatment with Carfilzomib and compared with control, we have demonstrated a significant decrease in the expression levels of BCLXL, BCL2L2 and BCL2L12 genes. In contrast, in the PC-3 cell line after treatment with Carfilzomib we observed an increase in the expression levels of BCLXL, BCL2L2 and a decrease in the expression levels of the BCL2L12 gene. In addition, in the cell lines PC-3 and LNCaP after treatment with Bortezomib and compared with control, we have demonstrated a decrease in the expression levels of these antiapoptotic genes, except for BCLXL in LNCaP cell line, which had elevated expression levels. Furthermore, we have shown a significant increase in the expression levels of BCLXL, BCL2L2 and BCL2L12 genes in the cell line DU 145 after the effect of Bortezomib. In conclusion, apropos of the genes studied there is not a specific pattern in the expression level of these genes neither between the different cell lines nor between the two proteasome inhibitors which are studied. The aforementioned information indicates the complexity of the apoptotic mechanism and demonstrates a heterogeneous involvement of the BCL2 family genes in this mechanism

CD8+ T lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Recently it was shown that in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) tissue infiltrating CD₈₊T lymphocytes (TLs) are associated with breathlessness and physiological indices of disease severity, as well as that CD₈₊TLs recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) relate to those infiltrating lung tissue. Since BAL is a far less invasive technique than tissue biopsy to study mechanisms in IPF we further investigated the usefulness offered by this means by studying the relationship between BAL macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, CD₃₊, CD₄₊, CD₈₊, CD_8+/38+TLs and CD₄₊/CD₈₊ratio with breathlessness and physiological indices.</p> <p>Patients and methods</p> <p>27 IPF patients, 63 ± 9 years of age were examined. Cell counts were expressed as percentages of total cells and TLs were evaluated by flow cytometry. FEV₁, FVC, TLC, RV, <it>D</it>LCO, PaO₂, and PaCO₂were measured in all. Breathlessness was assessed by the Medical Research Council (MRC) chronic dyspnoea scale.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>CD₈₊TLs correlated positively (r_s= 0.46, p = 0.02), while CD₄₊/CD₈₊ratio negatively (r_s= -0.54, p = 0.006) with the MRC grade. CD₈₊TLs correlated negatively with RV (r_s= -0.50, p = 0.017). CD_8+/38+TLs were negatively related to the FEV₁and FVC (r_s= -0.53, p = 0.03 and r_s= -0.59, p = 0.02, respectively). Neutrophils correlated positively with the MRC grade (r_s= 0.42, p = 0.03), and negatively with the <it>D</it>LCO (r_s= -0.54, p = 0.005), PaO₂(r_s= -0.44, p = 0.03), and PaCO₂(r_s= -0.52, p = 0.01).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>BAL CD₈₊TLs associations with physiological and clinical indices seem to indicate their implication in IPF pathogenesis, confirming our previous tissue study.</p

Time for a quick word? The striking benefits of training speed and accuracy of word retrieval in post-stroke aphasia

One-third of stroke survivors experience deficits in word retrieval as a core characteristic of their aphasia, which is frustrating, socially limiting and disabling for their professional and everyday lives. The, as yet, undiscovered ‘holy grail’ of clinical practice is to establish a treatment that not only improves item naming, but also generalizes to patients’ connected speech. Speech production in healthy participants is a remarkable feat of cognitive processing being both rapid (at least 120 words per minute) and accurate (∼one error per 1000 words). Accordingly, we tested the hypothesis that word-finding treatment will only be successful and generalize to connected speech if word retrieval is both accurate and quick. This study compared a novel combined speed- and accuracy-focused intervention—‘repeated, increasingly-speeded production’—to standard accuracy-focused treatment. Both treatments were evaluated for naming, connected speech outcomes, and related to participants’ neuropsychological and lesion profiles. Twenty participants with post-stroke chronic aphasia of varying severity and subtype took part in 12 computer-based treatment sessions over 6 weeks. Four carefully matched word sets were randomly allocated either to the speed- and accuracy-focused treatment, standard accuracy-only treatment, or untreated (two control sets). In the standard treatment, sound-based naming cues facilitated naming accuracy. The speed- and accuracy-focused treatment encouraged naming to become gradually quicker, aiming towards the naming time of age-matched controls. The novel treatment was significantly more effective in improving and maintaining picture naming accuracy and speed (reduced latencies). Generalization of treated vocabulary to connected speech was significantly increased for all items relative to the baseline. The speed- and accuracy-focused treatment generated substantial and significantly greater deployment of targeted items in connected speech. These gains were maintained at 1-month post-intervention. There was a significant negative correlation for the speed- and accuracy-focused treatment between the patients’ phonological scores and the magnitude of the therapy effect, which may have reflected the fact that the substantial beneficial effect of the novel treatment generated a ceiling effect in the milder patients. Maintenance of the speed- and accuracy-treatment effect correlated positively with executive skills. The neural correlate analyses revealed that participants with the greatest damage to the posterior superior temporal gyrus extending into the white matter of the inferior longitudinal fasciculus, showed the greatest speed- and accuracy treatment benefit. The novel treatment was well tolerated by participants across the range of severity and aphasia subtype, indicating that this type of intervention has considerable clinical utility and broad applicability

MRC chronic Dyspnea Scale: Relationships with cardiopulmonary exercise testing and 6-minute walk test in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients: a prospective study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Exertional dyspnea is the most prominent and disabling feature in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The Medical Research Chronic (MRC) chronic dyspnea score as well as physiological measurements obtained during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) are shown to provide information on the severity and survival of disease.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We prospectively recruited IPF patients and examined the relationship between the MRC score and either CPET or 6MWT parameters known to reflect physiologic derangements limiting exercise capacity in IPF patients</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Twenty-five patients with IPF were included in the study. Significant correlations were found between the MRC score and the distance (r = -.781, p < 0.001), the SPO₂at the initiation and the end (r = -.542, p = 0.005 and r = -.713, p < 0.001 respectively) and the desaturation index (r = .634, p = 0.001) for the 6MWT; the MRC score and <it>V</it>O₂peak/kg (r = -.731, p < 0.001), SPO₂at peak exercise (r = -. 682, p < 0.001), VE/VCO₂slope (r = .731, p < 0.001), VE/VCO₂at AT (r = .630, p = 0.002) and the Borg scale at peak exercise (r = .50, p = 0.01) for the CPET. In multiple logistic regression analysis, the only variable independently related to the MRC is the distance walked at the 6MWT.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>In this population of IPF patients a good correlation was found between the MRC chronic dyspnoea score and physiological parameters obtained during maximal and submaximal exercise testing known to reflect ventilatory impairment and exercise limitation as well as disease severity and survival. This finding is described for the first time in the literature in this group of patients as far as we know and could explain why a simple chronic dyspnea score provides reliable prognostic information on IPF.</p