カンゴショク ノ イリョウ ジコ ノ ケイケン ニ ヨル アンゼン ガクシュウ ト サポート ノ カンレン ニ ツイテ ノ ケントウ

本研究は、過去に医療事故当事者の経験を持つ看護職を対象として、医療事故の経験による安全学習を促進するサポートの関連について検討することを目的とする。6,460人の看護職を対象として郵送調査を実施した。医療事故の経験による安全学習の測定には、林らの「医療事故当事者(看護職)の安全学習尺度(Medical Safety Learning Scale: MSLS)」を使用した。サポート内容11項目でそれぞれ受けたかどうか(有無)からMSLS得点差をt検定で検証し、さらにMSLSの6下位尺度についてサポートの効果量を検証した。有効回答数は2,523人であった。サポート有無によるMSLS得点のt検定では、「勤務変更、もしくは休暇をくれた」を除くサポート項目で有意差を認めた。効果量の測定では、「必要な知識・技術を教えてくれた」のサポートで〔事故防止スキルの学習〕(σ=0.63)の安全学習に対して最も効果量が大きかった。安全学習にはサポートが関連し、看護職への適切なサポート内容が効果的な安全学習に繋がることが示唆された。Purpose:To examine the influence of support received by hospital nurses, who had involvement in medical malpractice, in promoting medical safety-related learning on the basis of past experiences of medical accidents.Methods:A mail survey was conducted on 6,460 hospital nurses. We used "Medical Safety Learning Scale : MSLS"by Hayashi et al. to measure medical safety related learning on the basis of previous experiences of medical accidents. Using the t-test, MSLS scores were calculated on the basis of whether each of the 11 support items were received or not (yes/no), and the effectiveness of support in relation to the 6 subscales of the MSLS was analyzed.Results:There were 2,523 valid responses. With regard to MSLS scores on support items on the basis of whether or not these items were reseived, a significant difference in medical safety-related learning was observed for all items except "work transfer or receiving leave." The support items "skills and knowledge required were taught" and "learning skills to prevent malpractice" were most effective (σ=0.63).Conclusion: Support was assosiated with promotion of medical safety-related learning, and appropriate support content was linked to effective learning

The Constrained Maximal Expression Level Owing to Haploidy Shapes Gene Content on the Mammalian X Chromosome.

X chromosomes are unusual in many regards, not least of which is their nonrandom gene content. The causes of this bias are commonly discussed in the context of sexual antagonism and the avoidance of activity in the male germline. Here, we examine the notion that, at least in some taxa, functionally biased gene content may more profoundly be shaped by limits imposed on gene expression owing to haploid expression of the X chromosome. Notably, if the X, as in primates, is transcribed at rates comparable to the ancestral rate (per promoter) prior to the X chromosome formation, then the X is not a tolerable environment for genes with very high maximal net levels of expression, owing to transcriptional traffic jams. We test this hypothesis using The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) and data from the Functional Annotation of the Mammalian Genome (FANTOM5) project. As predicted, the maximal expression of human X-linked genes is much lower than that of genes on autosomes: on average, maximal expression is three times lower on the X chromosome than on autosomes. Similarly, autosome-to-X retroposition events are associated with lower maximal expression of retrogenes on the X than seen for X-to-autosome retrogenes on autosomes. Also as expected, X-linked genes have a lesser degree of increase in gene expression than autosomal ones (compared to the human/Chimpanzee common ancestor) if highly expressed, but not if lowly expressed. The traffic jam model also explains the known lower breadth of expression for genes on the X (and the Z of birds), as genes with broad expression are, on average, those with high maximal expression. As then further predicted, highly expressed tissue-specific genes are also rare on the X and broadly expressed genes on the X tend to be lowly expressed, both indicating that the trend is shaped by the maximal expression level not the breadth of expression per se. Importantly, a limit to the maximal expression level explains biased tissue of expression profiles of X-linked genes. Tissues whose tissue-specific genes are very highly expressed (e.g., secretory tissues, tissues abundant in structural proteins) are also tissues in which gene expression is relatively rare on the X chromosome. These trends cannot be fully accounted for in terms of alternative models of biased expression. In conclusion, the notion that it is hard for genes on the Therian X to be highly expressed, owing to transcriptional traffic jams, provides a simple yet robustly supported rationale of many peculiar features of X's gene content, gene expression, and evolution

X-ray structure determination and deuteration of nattokinase.

Nattokinase (NK) is a strong fibrinolytic enzyme, which is produced in abundance by Bacillus subtilis natto. Although NK is a member of the subtilisin family, it displays different substrate specificity when compared with other subtilisins. The results of molecular simulations predict that hydrogen arrangements around Ser221 at the active site probably account for the substrate specificity of NK. Therefore, neutron crystallographic analysis should provide valuable information that reveals the enzymatic mechanism of NK. In this report, the X-ray structure of the non-hydrogen form of undeuterated NK was determined, and the preparation of deuterated NK was successfully achieved. The non-hydrogen NK structure was determined at 1.74 Å resolution. The three-dimensional structures of NK and subtilisin E from Bacillus subtilis DB104 are near identical. Deuteration of NK was carried out by cultivating Bacillus subtilis natto in deuterated medium. The D2O resistant strain of Bacillus subtilis natto was obtained by successive cultivation rounds, in which the concentration of D2O in the medium was gradually increased. NK was purified from the culture medium and its activity was confirmed by the fibrin plate method. The results lay the framework for neutron protein crystallography analysis

Expression and possible implication of growth hormone–releasing hormone receptor splice variant 1 in endometriosis

To determine possible involvement of splice variant 1 (SV1), a variant of the pituitary growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) receptor, in the development of endometriosis. Comparative and laboratory study. University teaching hospital reproductive endocrinology and infertility practice. Eutopic and ectopic endometrial tissues, and peritoneal bone marrow-derived cells were collected from women with or without endometriosis. Normal ovarian tissues were collected from women without endometriosis. Ectopic endometrial stromal cells (ESC) were isolated and cultured with or without GHRH. Gene expression of GHRH and SV1 in the sample tissues was determined by reverse transcriptase (RT) nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation in ESC were measured using specific assay systems. We detected SV1 messenger RNA (mRNA) in 17 out of 27 (63%) ectopic endometrial tissues, which was statistically significantly higher than that detected in eutopic endometrial tissues (2 out of 47, 4%) and normal ovarian tissues (0 out of 14). A relatively low rate of GHRH mRNA was detected in ectopic endometrial tissues (6 out of 27, 24%) and in eutopic endometrial tissues (12 out of 47, 26%). In contrast, relatively high rates were detected in normal ovarian tissues (14 out of 14, 100%) and peritoneal bone marrow-derived cells (13 out of 16, 81%). We found that GHRH stimulated the production of cAMP and the incorporation of BrdU in SV1-expressing ESC. GHRH and SV1 may play a role in promoting the development of endometriosis