Antimicrobial activity of cinnamaldehyde, vanillin and Kigelia Africana fruit extracts against fish-associated Chryseobacterium and Myroides spp. isolates

Background: Members of the family Flavobacteriaceae exhibit intrinsic multi-drug resistance, which hampers their effective eradication. Phytochemicals are being explored as alternatives to the use of antimicrobial agents in aquaculture since they have growth-promoting, immunestimulating, and antimicrobial properties.Materials and Methods: The susceptibility of 36 Chryseobacterium and seven Myroides spp. isolates from salmon, tilapia and trout as well as 19 selected Flavobacteriaceae type strains to cinnamaldehyde, vanillin and four crude Kigelia africana extracts (ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, methanol and hexane), was assessed using disc diffusion assays and compared to standard antimicrobial agents, ampicillin and tetracycline using activity indices.Results: Cinnamaldehyde (≥250 μg/ml) was the most effective (77. 8 – 100% susceptibility) while vanillin was the least effective with inhibitory activity only at 1000 μg/ml. The K. africana hexane extract (4 mg/ml) was the most effective, with only 11.3% of isolates displaying resistance, while 94.4% of isolates demonstrated resistance to ampicillin and 38.9% susceptibility to tetracycline. K. africana extract inhibitory efficacy decreased in the following order: hexane > ethyl acetate > dichloromethane > methanol. Cinnamaldehyde and K. africana EX 4 activity indices ≥ 1 were obtained for 83.3 - 97.2% and 25% of Chryseobacterium spp. isolates, respectively, relative to tetracycline.Conclusions: Cinnamaldehyde and K. africana fruit hexane extracts are promising candidates to be tested for their efficacy in the treatment of Chryseobacterium/Myroides-associated fish infections. These phytochemicals might serve as environmentally-friendly, cost-effective alternatives to the use of antimicrobial agents in aquaculture farms, with a lesser chance of resistance development.Keywords: phytotherapy; cinnamaldehyde; vanillin; Kigelia; Chryseobacterium; Myroide

Biofilm formation and adherence characteristics of an Elizabethkingia meningoseptica isolate from Oreochromis mossambicus

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Elizabethkingia </it>spp. are opportunistic pathogens often found associated with intravascular device-related bacteraemias and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Their ability to exist as biofilm structures has been alluded to but not extensively investigated.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The ability of <it>Elizabethkingia meningoseptica </it>isolate CH2B from freshwater tilapia (<it>Oreochromis mossambicus</it>) and <it>E. meningoseptica </it>strain NCTC 10016^Tto adhere to abiotic surfaces was investigated using microtiter plate adherence assays following exposure to varying physico-chemical challenges. The role of cell-surface properties was investigated using hydrophobicity (bacterial adherence to hydrocarbons), autoaggregation and coaggregation assays. The role of extracellular components in adherence was determined using reversal or inhibition of coaggregation assays in conjunction with <it>Listeria </it>spp. isolates, while the role of cell-free supernatants, from diverse bacteria, in inducing enhanced adherence was investigated using microtitre plate assays. Biofilm architecture of isolate CH2B alone as well as in co-culture with <it>Listeria monocytogenes </it>was investigated using flow cells and microscopy.</p> <p>Results</p> <p><it>E. meningoseptica </it>isolates CH2B and NCTC 10016^Tdemonstrated stronger biofilm formation in nutrient-rich medium compared to nutrient-poor medium at both 21 and 37°C, respectively. Both isolates displayed a hydrophilic cell surface following the bacterial adherence to xylene assay. Varying autoaggregation and coaggregation indices were observed for the <it>E. meningoseptica </it>isolates. Coaggregation by isolate CH2B appeared to be strongest with foodborne pathogens like <it>Enterococcus, Staphylococcus </it>and <it>Listeria </it>spp. Partial inhibition of coaggregation was observed when isolate CH2B was treated with heat or protease exposure, suggesting the presence of heat-sensitive adhesins, although sugar treatment resulted in increased coaggregation and may be associated with a lactose-associated lectin or capsule-mediated attachment.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p><it>E. meningoseptica </it>isolate CH2B and strain NCTC 10016^Tdisplayed a strong biofilm-forming phenotype which may play a role in its potential pathogenicity in both clinical and aquaculture environments. The ability of <it>E. meningoseptica </it>isolates to adhere to abiotic surfaces and form biofilm structures may result from the hydrophilic cell surface and multiple adhesins located around the cell.</p

Motivasi Siswa Kelas VII SMPN 1 Padang Dalam Mengikuti Pembelajaran Pendidikan Jasmani

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui seberapa besar motivasi siswa kelas VII di SMPN 1 Padang dalam mengikuti proses Pembelajaran Pendidikan Jasmani. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini berupa angket yang disebarkan melalui google form. Subjek dalam penelitian ini siswa kelas VII SMPN 1 Padang yang berjumlah 165 siswa sehingga disebut penelitian populasi. Validitas dan reliabilitas angket telah diuji cobakan di SMP Negeri 6 Yogyakarta, dengan koefisien validitas sebesar 0,950 dan reliabilitas sebesar 0,978. Teknik aalisis data menggunakan analisis deskriptif kuantitatif yang dituangkan dalam bentuk persentase. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa motivasi siswa kelas VII di SMPN 1 Padang dalam mengikuti Pembelajaran Pendidikan Jasmani berada pada kategori “Sangat Rendah” sebesar 4,24% (7 siswa), “Rendah” sebesar 35,75% (59 siswa), “Sedang” sebesar 30,90% (51 siswa), “Tinggi” sebesar 23,63% sebesar (39 siswa), “Sangat Tinggi” sebesar 5,45% (9 siswa). Dapat disimpulkan besar motivasi siswa kelas VII SMPN 1 Padang dalam mengikuti proses pembelajaran Pendidikan Jasmani berada pada kategori sedang

Efektivitas Rancangan Program Pengembangan Self Regulation Berbasis Teknologi Informasi dalam Meningkatkan Kemampuan Mengelola Emosi (Studi pada Peserta Didik di Kelas XI SMKN 2 Padang)

This research is motivated by the phenomenon of students who have not been able to have the ability to manage emotions. The aims of this study were: (1) Profile of self-regulation of students before treatment in the experimental group and control group, (2) Profile of self-regulation of students after treatment in the experimental group, (3) Effectiveness of the development program Information technology (IT)-based self-regulation improves the ability to manage students' emotions. This study uses a quantitative approach, the type of research is experimental. The location of this research is at SMKN 2 Padang. The samples in this study were 35 students in class XI BPD (Digital) (experimental group) and 35 students in class XI RPL (control group). The data collection technique used is a questionnaire. The data analysis technique used is Ancova. The results of the study found: 1) The level of self-regulation before treatment was classified as low, both in the experimental class and the control class. 2) The level of self-regulation after the treatment underwent significant changes, especially in the experimental group. 3) Information technology-based emotional intelligence development program is effective in significantly increasing the Self Regulation ability of class XI students at SMKN 2 Padang. Based on the results of this study, it is recommended for counseling teachers to be used as guidelines or input materials for implementing the Self Regulation development program in improving the ability to manage students' emotions

PERANCANGAN STRUKTUR ATAS GEDUNG DENGAN SISTEM DILATASI PARSIAL (Studi Kasus Apartemen Dan Condotel Lloyd Yogyakarta)

Peningkatan pembangunan infrastruktur yang tidak diimbangi dengan ketersediaan lahan yang ada menyebabkan semakin banyak dilakukan pembangunan gedung secara vertikal, supaya kebutuhan serta fungsi ruangan tetap dapat terpenuhi meskipun pada lahan yang terbatas. Namun, hal tersebut menyebabkan suatu gedung sulit untuk dibuat beraturan, sehingga lebih tidak stabil saat terkena gaya-gaya vertikal ataupun horizontal. Agar lebih stabil, maka pada bagian gedung yang lebih menonjol sebaiknya dipisahkan dengan bangunan utama, atau yang lebih dikenal dengan nama dilatasi. Dengan sistem dilatasi, pusat masa dan pusat kekakuan pada suatu stuktur yang tidak simetris dapat terbagi-bagi, sehingga bangunan akan menjadi lebih stabil. Pada perancangan kali ini, gedung yang digunakan memiliki ketidakberaturan, sehingga akan efektif bila dilakukan sistem dilatasi. Namun, bila dilakukan sistem dilatasi total maka sebagian gedung menjadi suatu gedung yang langsing bila berdiri sendiri, sehingga tidak stabil bila terkena gaya-gaya vertikal maupun horizontal. Maka dari itu, penulis ingin membandingkan bila dilakukan dilatasi total dan dilatasi parsial dengan melihat displacement, drift, serta gaya-gaya dalam pada balok dan kolom dengan hanya meninjau bagian gedung B saja. Gedung dirancang menggunakan Sistem Ganda dengan Rangka Pemikul Momen Khusus. Elemen yang dirancang adalah pelat, balok, kolom, dan dinding struktur dengan tulangan BJTD 400 Mpa menggunakan program ETABS. Diperoleh hasil perancangan struktur berupa dimensi dan penulangan yaitu tebal pelat lantai 120 mm, kemudian dimensi balok yang digunakan adalah empat tipe, B1 (450 x 700) mm 2 , B2 (300 x 600) mm xiv 2 , B3 (250 x 450) mm 2 , B4 (200 x 350) mm 2 , lalu dimensi kolom yang digunakan adalah dua tipe, K1 (450 x 650) mm , K2 (250 x 550) mm 2 , dan ketebalan dinding geser yang digunakan adalah dua tipe, SW1 300 mm, SW2 250 mm. Tulangan yang digunakan bervariasi mulai dari D10 hingga D22. Perbandingan hasil displacement serta drift menunjukkan bahwa gedung dengan dilatasi parsial menghasilkan nilai yang lebih kecil dibandingkan gedung dengan dilatasi total, namun untuk gaya-gaya dalam, baik pada kolom maupun balok didapatkan hasil bahwa gedung dengan dilatasi parsial menghasilkan nilai yang lebih besar dibandingkan gedung dengan dilatasi total

Dificuldade alimentar, distúrbio miofuncional orofacial e sentidos químicos em pacientes com glicogenose hepática

As Glicogenoses Hepáticas são erros inatos do metabolismo do glicogênio. O fenótipo depende do subtipo de doença e do controle metabólico, porém as características principais são: retardo de crescimento, baixa estatura, face arredondada ("boneca"), hepatomegalia, hipoglicemia, hiperlactatemia, hipercolesterolemia e hipertrigliceridemia. O tratamento inclui a controle dietético com restrição de carboidratos simples (frutose, maltose, glicose, lactose, galactose), administração de amido de milho cru diversas vezes ao dia, incluindo o período noturno, além de acompanhamento de parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais. A prevalência de dificuldades alimentares e distúrbio miofuncional orofacial nesses pacientes é desconhecida. Objetivo: Investigar a prevalência de dificuldades alimentares e distúrbio miofuncional orofacial em pacientes com Glicogenose Hepática. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, prospectivo com coleta de dados históricos, de 36 indivíduos com diagnóstico confirmado de glicogenose hepática (tipo Ia=22, Ib=8, III=2, IXa=3; IXc=1; sexo masculino=19; mediana de idade=12.0 anos (8.0-18.7). Todos os pacientes estavam em tratamento com médico geneticista e nutricionista. A avaliação incluiu: questionário para avaliação do comportamento alimentar, avaliação miofuncional orofacial (AMIOFE), percepção olfativa (Sniffin Sticks) e gustativa (Taste Strips), antropometria facial. Resultados: Nove (25%) pacientes apresentaram diminuição da percepção olfativa, 4 (11%) da gustativa, 8 (22.2%) de gustativa para o azedo. Vinte e seis pacientes (72.2%) apresentaram dificuldade alimentar e 18 (50%) apresentaram distúrbio miofuncional orofacial. A mediana de escore miofuncional orofacial foi 87.5 (83.0-92.7). distúrbio miofuncional orofacial esteve estatisticamente associado à dificuldade alimentar, via alternativa de alimentação, seletividade alimentar, preferência por alimentos líquidos/pastosos, estresse nas refeições (p<0.05). Treze paciente (36.1%) apresentaram respiração oral/oronasal, estando associado com seletividade alimentar (p=0.011) e com realizar refeições separadamente da família (p=0.041). Menores escores nas funções de deglutição e de mastigação estiveram relacionados à dificuldade alimentar, (respectivamente p=0.001, p=0.009) e a questões específicas relacionadas ao comportamento alimentar. Conclusão: A prevalência de dificuldades alimentares e distúrbio miofuncional orofacial em indivíduos brasileiros com Glicogenose Hepática é alta. Comportamento alimentar, diminuição do paladar e olfato e aspectos miofuncionais orofaciais estão associados na Glicogenose Hepática.The hepatic glycogen storage diseases are innate errors of glycogen metabolism. The phenotype depends on the disease subtype and extent of metabolic control, but the major features include growth retardation, short stature, rounded ("doll’s") face, hepatomegaly, hypoglycemia, hyperlactatemia, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertriglyceridemia. The treatment includes restricted intake of simple carbohydrates (fructose, maltose, glucose, lactose, galactose), administration of uncooked cornstarch several times a day, including overnight; and management of clinical and laboratory parameters. The prevalence of feeding difficulties and orofacial myofunctional disorders in these patients is unknown. Objective: To ascertain the prevalence of feeding difficulties and orofacial myofunctional disorders in patients with GSD. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, prospective study of 36 patients (19 males, 17 females; median age, 12.0 years; range, 8.0–18.7 years) with confirmed diagnoses of GSD (type Ia, n=22; Ib, n=8; III, n=2; IXa, n=3; IXc, n=1). All patients were being treated by a medical geneticist and a dietitian. Evaluation included a questionnaire for evaluation of feeding behavior, the orofacial myofunctional evaluation (AMIOFE), olfactory performance (Sniffin’ Sticks test), taste perception (Taste Strips), and facial anthropometry. Results: Nine (25%) patients had decreased olfactory perception and four (11%) had decreased taste perception. Eight patients (22.2%) had decreased perception of sour taste. Twenty-six patients (72.2%) had feeding difficulties, and 18 (50%) had orofacial myofunctional disorders. The median orofacial myofunctional score was 87.5 (83.0–92.7). Orofacial myofunctional disorders was significantly associated with feeding difficulty, alternative feeding routes, food selectivity, preference for fluid and semisolid foods, and mealtime stress (p<0.05). Thirteen patients (36.1%) exhibited mouth breathing or oronasal breathing, which was significantly associated with food selectivity (p=0.011) and not eating together with the rest of the family (p=0.041). Lower swallowing and chewing scores were associated with feeding difficulty (p=0.001 and p=0.009, respectively) and with specific issues related to eating behavior. Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of feeding difficulties and orofacial myofunctional disorders in patients with hepatic glycogen storage diseases. Eating behavior, decreased taste and smell perception, and orofacial myofunctional issues are associated with hepatic glycogen storage diseases

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CINNAMALDEHYDE, VANILLIN AND KIGELIA AFRICANA FRUIT EXTRACTS AGAINST FISH-ASSOCIATED CHRYSEOBACTERIUM AND MYROIDES SPP. ISOLATES

Background: Members of the family Flavobacteriaceae exhibit intrinsic multi-drug resistance, which hampers their effective eradication. Phytochemicals are being explored as alternatives to the use of antimicrobial agents in aquaculture since they have growth-promoting, immune-stimulating, and antimicrobial properties. Materials and Methods: The susceptibility of 36 Chryseobacterium and seven Myroides spp. isolates from salmon, tilapia and trout as well as 19 selected Flavobacteriaceae type strains to cinnamaldehyde, vanillin and four crude Kigelia africana extracts (ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, methanol and hexane), was assessed using disc diffusion assays and compared to standard antimicrobial agents, ampicillin and tetracycline using activity indices. Results: Cinnamaldehyde (≥250 µg/ml) was the most effective (77. 8 – 100% susceptibility) while vanillin was the least effective with inhibitory activity only at 1000 µg/ml. The K. africana hexane extract (4 mg/ml) was the most effective, with only 11.3% of isolates displaying resistance, while 94.4% of isolates demonstrated resistance to ampicillin and 38.9% susceptibility to tetracycline. K. africana extract inhibitory efficacy decreased in the following order: hexane > ethyl acetate > dichloromethane > methanol. Cinnamaldehyde and K. africana EX 4 activity indices ≥ 1 were obtained for 83.3 - 97.2% and 25% of Chryseobacterium spp. isolates, respectively, relative to tetracycline. Conclusions: Cinnamaldehyde and K. africana fruit hexane extracts are promising candidates to be tested for their efficacy in the treatment of Chryseobacterium/Myroides-associated fish infections. These phytochemicals might serve as environmentally-friendly, cost-effective alternatives to the use of antimicrobial agents in aquaculture farms, with a lesser chance of resistance development

Antibacterial and Anti-Biofilm Activity of Flavonoids and Triterpenes Isolated from The Extracts of Ficus Sansibarica Warb. Subsp. Sansibarica (Moraceae) Extracts

Background: Ficus species are used in African traditional medicine in the treatment of a wide variety of ailments and diseases such as convulsive disorder, wound healing, gonorrhea, tuberculosis, diabetes, diarrhoeal infections, dysentery, malaria and HIV. The aim of this study was to isolate the phytochemical constituents in the plant and test them for their antibacterial activity.Materials and methods: The fruits, leaves and stem bark were extracted with organic solvents and the compounds in the extracts separated and purified by column chromatography before being identified by NMR spectroscopy and by comparison of the NMR data against values reported in the literature. The antibacterial activity of the pure compounds and extracts were tested using the disk diffusion method.Results: Three triterpenes and three flavonoids: lupeol acetate (1); cycloart-23-ene-3,25-diol (2); β-sitosterol (3); 5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavan-3-ol (4); epicatechin (5); and isovitexin (6) were isolated in this study. Antimicrobial activity was observed at 8 mg mL-1 for Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 with four of the six isolated compounds, with no activity being observed at 1 – 4 mg mL-1 against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, E. coli ATCC 35218 and S. aureus ATCC 43300. Epicatechin (5) was found to decrease adhesion of E. coli ATCC 25922 and S. aureus ATCC 29213. Decreased adhesion of S. aureus ATCC 29213 was also observed with 5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavan-3-ol (4) and isovitexin (6).Conclusions: The results of this study provide baseline information on F. sansibarica’s potential validity in the treatment of infections associated with Gram-positive microorganisms.Key words: Moraceae, Ficus sansibarica, antimicrobial, anti-adhesion properties, flavonoids, triterpenoids

Controle da qualidade do ar interno nos ambientes

O ar interno de ambientes construídos, local onde as pessoas passam a maior parte do tempo, pode ser mais poluído que o ar externo. A qualidade do ar interno (QAI) dos ambientes afeta diretamente a saúde, o conforto e a produtividade dos ocupantes. Doenças e outros desconfortos relacionados a edifícios têm sido atribuídos a uma variedade de causas como baixa ventilação, presença de contaminantes, atividades humanas, umidade, entre outros. No entanto, a falta de métricas e padrões consistentes e consenso sobre o que constitui uma QAI favorável, a diversidade e complexidade de poluentes encontrados, a falta de compreensão das ligações entre os níveis de poluentes em ambientes fechados e a falta de requisitos para medir e monitorar a QAI leva à falta de consistência dos problemas potenciais e das soluções. Por meio de uma revisão de literatura, este artigo desenvolve uma discussão sobre as normas brasileiras e as internacionais relacionadas à qualidade do ar, os principais contaminantes do ar interno e o papel da qualidade do ar nas certificações ambientais. O objetivo é formar uma base de dados atualizada para direcionar pesquisas na área. Observa-se que ainda não é possível identificar critérios de regulamentação bem definidos e a relevância de controlar as fontes de contaminação do ar