58 research outputs found

    Balanced homodyne detection in second-harmonic generation microscopy

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    We demonstrate the association of two-photon nonlinear microscopy with balanced homodyne detection for investigating second harmonic radiation properties at nanoscale dimensions. Variation of the relative phase between second-harmonic and fundamental beams is retrieved, as a function of the absolute orientation of the nonlinear emitters. Sensitivity down to approximately 3.2 photon/s in the spatio-temporal mode of the local oscillator is obtained. This value is high enough to efficiently detect the coherent second-harmonic emission from a single KTiOPO4 crystal of sub-wavelength size.Comment: 9 pages to appear in Applied Physics Letter

    Faire face à des questions de travail : les leviers mobilisés par des éleveurs laitiers

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    L’agriculture est-elle toujours une affaire de famille ? Cet ouvrage analyse les transformations du caractĂšre familial de l’agriculture en France, mises en perspective avec quelques Ă©clairages de situations dans les pays du Sud. La premiĂšre partie de l’ouvrage rend compte des recompositions de l’exploitation agricole et de ses enjeux, exploitation qui est de moins en moins familiale, tout en le restant. Elle propose des cadres d’analyse Ă©largis pour les apprĂ©hender. Les transformations des formes familiales d’agriculture sont abordĂ©es dans une deuxiĂšme partie par l’étude des mutations qui s’opĂšrent dans le travail en agriculture. Ces mutations amĂšnent Ă  questionner le sens du travail et les interfaces avec le vivre en famille et les activitĂ©s non-agricoles, au-delĂ  des seules problĂ©matiques d’organisation et de performances technico-Ă©conomiques. La troisiĂšme partie de l’ouvrage montre que les cadres structurant l’activitĂ© agricole dĂ©passent le champ de la famille et se renouvellent, en particulier dans les formes d’insertion territoriale, dans les modalitĂ©s des processus d’innovation et par des reconfigurations de l’action collective de proximitĂ©. Finalement, les transformations du caractĂšre familial, saisies dans le temps long des trajectoires d’exploitations, sont aussi observĂ©es dans les formes et stratĂ©gies de pĂ©rennisation et de transmission, qu’il s’agisse de transmettre un statut, une activitĂ©, une entreprise, un patrimoine, un outil de production ou encore des savoir-faire. Une synthĂšse conclusive propose un renouvellement des questions de recherche et plaide pour un dĂ©cloisonnement des Ă©tudes en agriculture. L’ouvrage rassemble des travaux de recherche rĂ©cents de chercheurs issus du dĂ©partement Sciences pour l’action et le dĂ©veloppement (Sad) de l’Inra et de ses partenaires scientifiques et professionnels. Il fait une large place Ă  des travaux de jeunes chercheurs et Ă  des thĂšses rĂ©cemment soutenues. D’abord destinĂ© aux chercheurs et enseignants-chercheurs, il s’adresse Ă©galement aux organisations professionnelles (instituts techniques, rĂ©seaux associatifs, syndicats, chambres d’agriculture, etc.)

    Globally invariant metabolism but density-diversity mismatch in springtails.

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    Soil life supports the functioning and biodiversity of terrestrial ecosystems. Springtails (Collembola) are among the most abundant soil arthropods regulating soil fertility and flow of energy through above- and belowground food webs. However, the global distribution of springtail diversity and density, and how these relate to energy fluxes remains unknown. Here, using a global dataset representing 2470 sites, we estimate the total soil springtail biomass at 27.5 megatons carbon, which is threefold higher than wild terrestrial vertebrates, and record peak densities up to 2 million individuals per square meter in the tundra. Despite a 20-fold biomass difference between the tundra and the tropics, springtail energy use (community metabolism) remains similar across the latitudinal gradient, owing to the changes in temperature with latitude. Neither springtail density nor community metabolism is predicted by local species richness, which is high in the tropics, but comparably high in some temperate forests and even tundra. Changes in springtail activity may emerge from latitudinal gradients in temperature, predation and resource limitation in soil communities. Contrasting relationships of biomass, diversity and activity of springtail communities with temperature suggest that climate warming will alter fundamental soil biodiversity metrics in different directions, potentially restructuring terrestrial food webs and affecting soil functioning

    Global fine-resolution data on springtail abundance and community structure

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    Springtails (Collembola) inhabit soils from the Arctic to the Antarctic and comprise an estimated ~32% of all terrestrial arthropods on Earth. Here, we present a global, spatially-explicit database on springtail communities that includes 249,912 occurrences from 44,999 samples and 2,990 sites. These data are mainly raw sample-level records at the species level collected predominantly from private archives of the authors that were quality-controlled and taxonomically-standardised. Despite covering all continents, most of the sample-level data come from the European continent (82.5% of all samples) and represent four habitats: woodlands (57.4%), grasslands (14.0%), agrosystems (13.7%) and scrublands (9.0%). We included sampling by soil layers, and across seasons and years, representing temporal and spatial within-site variation in springtail communities. We also provided data use and sharing guidelines and R code to facilitate the use of the database by other researchers. This data paper describes a static version of the database at the publication date, but the database will be further expanded to include underrepresented regions and linked with trait data.</p

    Taking work into account in the production of benchmarks in organic livestock farming

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    International audienceIn a context very favorable to organic farming, the availability of benchmarks to accompany increasing conversions is necessary. Within the framework of the Bioref project, farmer' work has been taken into account in the production of these benchmarks, and this study reports the main results in five organic ruminant production systems: beef cattle, dairy cattle, meat sheep, dairy sheep and goats. Surveys were carried out in 32 farms using the Work assessment method supplemented by additional information on free time and the experience of work by farmers. The work situations observed in our sample are very diverse, influenced by the production sectors but also by strategies that are very common in these systems, such as the diversification (multiple productions) and valorization of the production (processing and/or direct sales). Farmers' organizational choices reflect a search for consistency with what they expect from their profession. The indicator provided by the Work Assessment Method to assess the liveability of the work situation (the room for maneuver in time), does not reflect the farmers' experience of their workload. This experience seems to be more affected by the lack of weekends or the absence of breaks due to processing and direct sales marketing activities. We explain the specificities of organic livestock work from the point of view of the farmers surveyed. These results confirm that taking work into account contribute to improve the relevance of benchmarks in organic livestock farming

    Prendre en compte le sens du métier, l'organisation et la productivité du travail, pour mieux accompagner les éleveurs

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    International audienceTaking into account the meaning, the organization and the productivity of work, to better advise farmers. Breeding work is both a factor of economic performance, a succession of tasks and projects to organize and activity that built a personal and professional identity. Taking into account all these three dimensions is necessary to understand the complexity of farmers work and to contribute to their improvement. A guide designed by a multidisciplinary group (sociology, economy, and animal science) and of different activities (researchers, teachers and advisors), was used to analyze 56 French farms covering a wide diversity of production (seven agricultural sectors were represented), size of groups of work (from 1 to 42 workers), composition (associates, employees, volunteers...) and production basin (six regions). Comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach highlighted five profiles of farmers with some who preferred the quality of life in farms of reasonable dimensions which can also ensure a satisfactory economic viability. In Northern Europe, survey of 19 large sized-farms showed the importance of streamlining the process, outsourcing projects and widespread use of wage-earning that strongly modifies the workload of farmers. In each situation, the sense given by the farmer to his job and his motivations illuminate techno-economic and work-organization choices. The method and its co-construction with field advisors, are a solid 'on the ground' basis to create requests, offer services S. Chauvat et al. 70 Innovations Agronomiques 49 (2016), 69-82 adapted to the key phases of the farm and also to change postures and to create cooperative support systems.Le travail en Ă©levage est Ă  la fois un facteur de production Ă©conomique, une succession de tĂąches et de chantiers Ă  organiser ainsi qu'une activitĂ© qui construit son identitĂ© personnelle et professionnelle. Prendre en compte conjointement ces trois dimensions est nĂ©cessaire pour comprendre la complexitĂ© des situations de travail des Ă©leveurs et contribuer Ă  leur amĂ©lioration. Un guide d'entretien conçu par un groupe pluridisciplinaire (sociologues, Ă©conomistes et zootechniciens) et de diffĂ©rents mĂ©tiers (chercheurs, enseignants et conseillers), a servi l'analyse de 56 exploitations d'Ă©levage françaises couvrant une large diversitĂ© d'orientation de production (sept filiĂšres sont reprĂ©sentĂ©es), de taille de collectifs de travail (de 1 Ă  42 travailleurs), de composition (associĂ©s, salariĂ©s, bĂ©nĂ©voles
) et de bassin de production (six rĂ©gions). L'approche comprĂ©hensive et multidisciplinaire met en Ă©vidence cinq profils d'Ă©leveurs dont certains qui privilĂ©gient la qualitĂ© de vie dans des exploitations de dimensions raisonnables peuvent aussi assurer une viabilitĂ© Ă©conomique satisfaisante. En Europe du Nord, l'analyse de 20 fermes de trĂšs grandes dimensions montre l'importance de la rationalisation des process, de l'externalisation des chantiers et du recours gĂ©nĂ©ralisĂ© au salariat qui modifie fortement le mĂ©tier des Ă©leveurs. Dans chaque situation, le sens que donne l'Ă©leveur Ă  son mĂ©tier et son projet de vie Ă©clairent les choix technico-Ă©conomiques et d'organisation du travail. La mĂ©thode et sa co-construction avec les conseillers, constituent une base concrĂšte pour, "sur le terrain", susciter les demandes, offrir des services adaptĂ©s aux phases clĂ©s de l'exploitation et aussi inciter Ă  des modifications de postures et Ă  la crĂ©ation de dispositifs concertĂ©s d'accompagnement

    Le travail en élevage et ses mutations

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    Le travail en élevage et ses mutation
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