Large‐scale modelling of deep‐diving cetacean habitats

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Allaitement maternel et alcool (revue de la littérature et étude exploratroire des pratiques et connaissances)

Le but de ce travail est, d'une part, de faire le point sur les effets de la consommation d'alcool au cours de l'allaitement maternel sur la lactation et ses conséquences sur le nourrisson, et, d'autre part, d'explorer les pratiques et connaissances des mères et des professionnels de santé sur le sujet. La revue de la littérature porte sur une centaine d'articles scientifiques publiés entre 1969 et 2006, extraits des bases de données PubMed et ScienceDirect. On souligne que les cinétiques de l'alcool dans le lait et le sang sont largement similaires. La consommation de faibles doses d'alcool entraîne une altération du contrôle hormonal de la lactation avec une baisse du réflexe d'éjection et de la production de lait. Face à l'alcool, le nourrisson baisse sa consommation de lait d'environ 20% et subit une altération du sommeil, des risques de pathologies métaboliques, de retard de développement moteur voire staturo-pondéral. L'étude exploratoire porte sur 30 médecins généralistes et 40 mères. On constate qu'une minorité de mères consomme de l'alcool, sans considérer le moment de la tétée. La majorité des médecins juge la consommation d'alcool incompatible avec l'allaitement maternel, sans pouvoir réellement s'en expliquer. On met en évidence un déficit de connaissances important sur le sujet, et, lorsque les individus affirment posséder des connaissances, il s'avère qu'elles sont très imprécises voire absentes. La mise en place d'informations et de recommandations s'impose donc pour les acteurs de l'allaitement afin que les mères allaitantes gèrent de façon avisée leur consommation d'alcool au cours de cette période importante pour le développement de leur nourrisson.LIMOGES-BU Médecine pharmacie (870852108) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Hide and seek in the Bay of Biscaya functional investigation of marine megafauna and small pelagic fish interactions

Prey and predator distributions influence one another. Understanding the scale and the orientation of predator-prey spatial correlations is crucial in foraging ecology. Growing evidence suggests that predator-prey interactions are more constrained by functional characteristics of both the predator and the prey. Unfortunately, in marine pelagic systems, the scale and orientation of spatial correlations between predators and prey have been only little explored from a functional point of view. We tested the existence of fine-scale association between predators and fish functional groups. Visual predator sightings and acoustic fish records were collected synchronously during oceanographic surveys from 2004 to 2014. Prey biomass was integrated by nautical miles and split into four size classes (30 cm) and two depth layers (surface, deep). We computed the relative biomass by prey size and depth category from 0 to 12 nm around predator sightings to determine the predators' proximity to local prey biomass. Two cetaceans (common, bottlenose dolphins) and three seabirds (northern gannets, auks, northern fulmars) were studied. No association was found in fulmars, indicating they probably do not feed on considered fishes in the area. Gannets and auks were positively correlated with local prey biomass for sizes <20 cm at both depth layers. Significant negative relationships were found between common dolphins and prey size classes <20 cm at both depth layers, and between bottlenose dolphins and all size ranges at the deeper layer. Our results suggest that the fine-scale spatial overlap of predator and prey is influenced by their functional traits, and that prey exhibit predator avoidance behaviour in presence of swimming predators but not of flying ones

Data_for_Lambert_et_al_2019_RSOS

Data and codes used to conduct analyses presented in the paper Lambert et al 2019 "The effect of a multi-target protocol on cetacean detection and abundance estimation in aerial surveys"

Using large scale surveys to investigate seasonal variations in seabird distribution and abundance. Part II: The Bay of Biscay and the English Channel.

International audienceSeabird distributions and the associated seasonal variations remain challenging to investigate, especially in oceanic areas. Recent advances in telemetry have provided considerable information on seabird ecology, but still exclude small species, non-breeding birds and individuals from inaccessible colonies from any scientific survey. To overcome this issue and investigate seabird distribution and abundance in the eastern North Atlantic (ENA), large-scale aerial surveys were conducted in winter 2011-12 and summer 2012 over a 375,000 km² area encompassing the English Channel (EC) and the Bay of Biscay (BoB). Seabird sightings, from 15 taxonomic groups, added up to 17,506 and 8,263 sightings in winter and summer respectively, along 66,307 km. Using geostatistical methods, density maps were provided for both seasons. Abundance was estimated by strip transect sampling. Most taxa showed marked seasonal variations in their density and distribution. The highest densities were recorded during winter for most groups except shearwaters, storm-petrels, terns and large-sized gulls. Subsequently, the abundance in winter nearly reached one million individuals and was 2.5 times larger than in summer. The continental shelf and the slope in the BoB and the EC were identified as key areas for seabird conservation, especially during winter, as birds from northern Europe migrate southward after breeding. This large-scale study provided a synoptic view of the seabird community in the ENA, over two contrasting seasons. Our results highlight that oceanic areas harbour an abundant avifauna. Since most of the existing marine protected areas are restricted to the coastal fringe, the importance of oceanic areas in winter should be considered in future conservation plans. Our work will provide a baseline for the monitoring of seabird distribution at sea, and could inform the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive

Fatty liver index is a strong predictor of changes in glycemic status in people with prediabetes: The IT-DIAB study

International audienceBACKGROUND & AIMS:In patients at metabolic risk, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a strong and highly prevalent predictor for type 2 diabetes. Its assessment in clinical practice is not easy but the fatty liver index (FLI) could be used as a surrogate. Here, we studied the association between the FLI and the conversion to new-onset diabetes (NOD) or prediabetes reversion in patients with prediabetes.METHODS:The IT-DIAB observational study included 389 individuals with prediabetes, defined as fasting plasma glucose (FPG) between 110 and 125 mg/dL. NOD conversion was defined as a first FPG value ≥ 126 mg/dL and prediabetes reversion as a first FPG value < 110 mg/dL. The associations of both events with baseline FLI were studied separately using multivariate Cox models.RESULTS:After a median follow-up of 3.9 years (range 0.1-6.1), 138 individuals (35.5%) converted to NOD. FLI was associated with a higher risk of NOD conversion (unadjusted HR per SD = 1.54, 95%CI 1.27-1.86, p<0.0001), even after multiple adjustment on FPG, HbA1c and diabetes risk score (adjusted HR per SD 1.31, 95%CI 1.07-1.61, p = 0.008). FLI was also associated with prediabetes reversion: adjusted HR per SD = 0.85, 95%CI 0.75-0.96, p = 0.0077. Changes in FLI were significantly associated with changes in FPG during follow-up (p<0.0001). When compared to a full model including the diabetes risk score, FPG, HbA1C and FLI, only HbA1C added a significant prediction information (AUROC: 72.8% for full model vs 69.4% for the model without HbA1C; p = 0.028), while the removal of FLI to the full model did not alter its predictive value (AUROC 72.2%). The predictive value for NOD conversion was not significantly better for HOMA-IR compared to FLI (AUROC: 69.3 vs 63.7%, p = 0.067).CONCLUSIONS:FLI is a simple, practical score to further stratify the risk of conversion to NOD or the possibility of prediabetes reversion in clinical practice, independently of classical glucose parameters.TRIAL REGISTRATION:ClincialTrials.gov number NCT01218061 and NCT01432509

Prevalence of Hypobetalipoproteinemia and Related Psychiatric Characteristics in a Psychiatric Population: Results from the Retrospective HYPOPSY Study

International audienceBACKGROUND: Hypobetalipoproteinemia (HBL) is defined by plasma concentrations of LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) lower than the fifth percentile for age and sex. Several psychiatric symptoms have been reported in association with HBL. The objective was to assess the prevalence of primary HBL in patients hospitalized in a psychiatric population and to better characterize the related psychiatric disorders. METHODS: HYPOPSY is a retrospective study including 839 adults hospitalized in the Psychiatry department of Nantes University Hospital during the year 2014, except patients with eating disorders. The prevalence of primary HBL was defined by a plasma LDL-C concentration ≤q 50 mg/dL. Secondary causes of HBL were excluded after a review of medical records (n=2). Related-psychiatric disorders in patients with and without HBL were recorded using the ICD-10 classification. RESULTS: Twenty cases of primary HBL (mean [SD] LDL-C: 42 [7] mg/dL) were diagnosed, leading to a prevalence of 2.39%. In comparison, the prevalence of HBL in a healthy control population was 0.57%. Psychiatric patients with HBL were characterized by a higher frequency of schizophrenia (p=0.044), hetero-aggression (p=0.015) and pervasive and specific developmental disorders (including autism)~(p=0.011). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of HBL is 4-fold higher in psychiatric than in general population. More specifically, some statistically significant associations were found between low LDL-C concentrations and schizophrenia, autism and hetero-aggression. These data reinforce the hypothesis for a link between genetically low LDL-C levels and psychiatric disorders