Evaluation in a project life‐cycle: The hypermedia CAMILLE project

In the CAL literature, the issue of integrating evaluation into the life‐cycle of a project has often been recommended but less frequently reported, at least for large‐scale hypermedia environments. Indeed, CAL developers face a difficult problem because effective evaluation needs to satisfy the potentially conflicting demands of a variety of audiences (teachers, administrators, the research community, sponsors, etc.). This paper first examines some of the various forms of evaluation adopted by different kinds of audiences. It then reports on evaluations, formative as well as summative, set up by the European CAMILLE project teams in four countries during a large‐scale courseware development project. It stresses the advantages, despite drawbacks and pitfalls, for CAL developers to systematically undertake evaluation. Lastly, it points out some general outcomes concerning learning issues of interest to teachers, trainers and educational advisers. These include topics such as the impact of multimedia, of learner variability and learner autonomy on the effectiveness of learning with respect to language skills

Editorial: In this issue

Saturday evening (24 July 1999) I heard the news that there had been a plane crash in Fiji and that 17 people had been killed, amongst them five (now six) Australians. Two weeks ago I left Fiji in high spirits after attending the Imagining Oceania conference at the University of the South Pacific. I wondered if any of the conference delegates had tarried in Fiji for one reason or another and were on the flight. I also wondered about the fate of the Fijians I know, most of whom are academics and travel a lot. Sunday morning I headed for the newsagent to scope the reports on the front pages of Australia\u27s main daily newspapers. It was the same story -- five Australians dead. One of them, AusAid worker Ray Lloyd and I had spoken on the phone just under a year ago about a conference that I was convening on Pacific Representations: Culture, Identity, Media. I rememberhim saying that he was about to go on a posting in the Pacific and I remember noticing him at the conference. I tried to put possible identities to the brief descriptions of the other Australians on board and ended up figuring that I didn\u27t know any of them. But there was still the issue of the remaining 12 passengers about whom no information was given in the papers. I felt frustrated and angry. Didn\u27t they matter? It is not as if the crash happened in a place in any sense remote from Australia. The historical, political and cultural relationships that bind Australia to Fiji are incredibly strong and rich. In part, these continue to be expressed in a steady flow of people, goods and ideas between the two countries. You have only to look at the people and their packages arriving on an Air Pacific flight in Sydney or Nadi airports to be reminded of this. So why wasn\u27t this expressed in at least some reference to the other 12, even if only to say that no information was yet available

Contested Identity: the media and independence in New Caledonia during the 1980s

This thesis analyses the discursive struggle in the New Caledonian media over the question of independence during the period of most acute conflict during the 1980s. It seeks to demonstrate that the discursive struggle was central to the political struggle, particularly in its emphasis on the development of discourses on identity which authorised particular forms of political engagement. Colonial discourses in New Caledonia provided a well tested armory of identifications of the territory’s indigenous people which were mobilised in the anti-independence media, particularly the territory’s monopoly daily newspaper Les Nouvelles Calédoniennes. The thesis attempts to demonstrate how these identifications connoted, in effect, the non-existence of Kanaks through a denial of a ‘Kanak’ identity: Melanesians who identified themselves as Kanaks and took a pro-independence stance were not recognised within the colonial identity constructions of ‘Caledonian’ and ‘Melanesian’, and their claims to constitute a ‘people’ were vociferously denied. They existed within colonial discourses as a human absence, and were therefore considered to have no rightful claim on Caledonian political life. In the face of such identifications, the pro-independence movement articulated in its media notions of ‘Kanakness’ and the ‘Kanak people’ which sought to hyper-valorise their identity as human and rightful. ¶ ..

Betylmania? - Small Standing Stones and the Megaliths of South-West Britain

This paper calls attention to a previously neglected element of thebroad repertoire of monumental megalithic structures that characterize thelater third and second millennia BC across the British Isles – extremely smallstanding stones. Despite their frequency and the complex arrangements andassociations they embody, these miniliths are rarely recorded in detail andfrequently marginalized to a generic background. As a result, they are largelyabsent from interpretative accounts. Drawing upon recent debates regardingmateriality and monument form, alongside the results of excavations explicitlytargeting tiny stone settings, the discussion argues that the phenomenon ofraising and fixing small uprights was not only widespread and persistent, butsheds important light upon the beliefs and ideas driving monumentconstruction during the later Neolithic and Bronze Age

Transduction of skin-migrating dendritic cells by human adenovirus 5 occurs via an actin-dependent phagocytic pathway

Dendritic cells (DC) are central to the initiation of immune responses, and various approaches have been used to target vaccines to DC in order to improve immunogenicity. Cannulation of lymphatic vessels allows for the collection of DC that migrate from the skin. These migrating DC are involved in antigen uptake and presentation following vaccination. Human replication-deficient adenovirus (AdV) 5 is a promising vaccine vector for delivery of recombinant antigens. Although the mechanism of AdV attachment and penetration has been extensively studied in permissive cell lines, few studies have addressed the interaction of AdV with DC. In this study, we investigated the interaction of bovine skin-migrating DC and replication-deficient AdV-based vaccine vectors. We found that, despite lack of expression of Coxsackie B–Adenovirus Receptor and other known adenovirus receptors, AdV readily enters skin-draining DC via an actin-dependent endocytosis. Virus exit from endosomes was pH independent, and neutralizing antibodies did not prevent virus entry but did prevent virus translocation to the nucleus. We also show that combining adenovirus with adjuvant increases the absolute number of intracellular virus particles per DC but not the number of DC containing intracellular virus. This results in increased trans-gene expression and antigen presentation. We propose that, in the absence of Coxsackie B–Adenovirus Receptor and other known receptors, AdV5-based vectors enter skin-migrating DC using actin-dependent endocytosis which occurs in skin-migrating DC, and its relevance to vaccination strategies and vaccine vector targeting is discussed