PERANCANGAN ALAT DETEKSI KANTUK DAN ANALISIS TINGKAT KANTUK PENGEMUDI BUS MALAM X

Transportasi umum antar kota telah menjadi kebutuhan bagi masyarakat untuk berpindah dari satu kota ke kota lain. Transportasi darat dengan bus, kereta api, maupun mobil lebih banyak dipilih karena harganya yang relatif lebih murah. Namun transportasi darat, terutama bus, biasanya berdurasi panjang.Bagi penumpang mungkin durasi panjang bisa dimanfaatkan untuk tidur selama perjalanan, namun tidak demikian halnya bagi pengemudi.Pengemudi dituntut untuk terus fokus dan terjaga selama perjalanan yang berdurasi panjang tersebut agar terhindar dari kecelakaan. Kecelakaan bus bisa memakan banyak korban jiwa mengingat kapasitas bus yang bisa menampung puluhan orang. Pekerjaan mengemudi dengan durasi panjang dapat menimbulkan kelelahan baik secara fisik maupun mental.Manifestasi kelelahan yang sering dialami biasanya adalah mengantuk. Saat akanmengemudi dengan durasi panjang, harus dipastikan pengemudi berada dalam kondisi yang prima, dalam hal ini tidak atau sedikit memiliki rasa kantuk sebelum bekerja. Tingkat kantuk dapat di deteksi.Salah satunya dengan mengukur kecepatan reaksinya.Untuk itulah dibutuhkan suatu alat yang dapat mendeteksi kantuk dengan cepat dan praktis agar dapat digunakan untuk memeriksa keadaan pengemudi bus sebelum pengemudi melakukan perjalanannya.Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan merancang alat deteksi kantuk sebelum perjalanan durasi panjang.Penelitian dilakukan pada perusahaan bus malam X sebagai obyek penelitian.Alat deteksi kantuk tersebut selanjutnya digunakan untuk mengevaluasi kondisi para pengemudi bus malam X sebelum melakukan perjalanannya.Aplikasi pendeteksi kantuk memakai metode gabungan dari pyscomotor vigilance task (PVT), mackworth clock vigilance task (MVT) dan flicker test. Metode tersebut diimplementasikan pada aplikasi berbasis HTML dan dapat dioperasikan pada semua alat elektronik yang memiliki web browser untuk mendukung kepraktisan pengujian..Replikasi data kecepatan reaksi dan kuesioner Karolinska Sleepiness Scale dikumpulkan, kemudian diolah dengan menggunakan analis diskriminan untuk mengetahui variabel yang berpengaruh dan persamaan linear yang dapat digunakan dalam pendeteksian kantuk pengemudi bus malam.Hasil pengukuran kecepatan reaksi didapatkan dengan cepat melalui persamaan linear Z yang akan membandingkan nilai Z dengan titik kritis 0,904 dalam penentuan kondisi pengemudi bus malam X. Persamaan yang digunakan untuk menentukan kondisi pengemudi bus malam telah divalidasi dengan menggunakan replikasi data kecepatan reaksi yang telah dikumpulkan sebelumnya.Kata kunci : tingkat kantuk, kelelahan, kecepatan reaksi, analisis diskriminan, Karolinska Sleepiness Scale 

Analisis Usability pada Website WaralabaKita Menggunakan Metode System Usability Scale

This study aims to analyze the Usability of the WaralabaKita website based on user respondents using the System Usability Scale method. The main key of assessing this method is Utility, whether it is in accordance with user needs. This study used a questionnaire as a means of data collection, then continued by testing the validity of the data to analyze data from 10 questions which resulted in Cronbach's Alpha value of 0.637. From the 30 samples that have been collected, an average SUS score of 69.17 was obtained, which means that this score was included in the Marginal High category and classified into the OK category.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa Usability website WaralabaKita berdasarkan responden pengguna menggunakan metode System Usability Scale. Kunci utama dari penilaian metode ini adalah Utility, apakah sudah sesuai dengan kebutuhan pengguna. Penelitian ini menggunakan kuesioner sebagai sarana pengumpulan data, lalu dilanjut dengan melakukan uji validitas data untuk menganalisa data dari 10 butir pertanyaan yang menghasilkan nilai Cronbach’s Alpha sebesar 0.637. Dari 30 sampel yang telah dikumpulkan, diraih hasil skor rata-rata SUS sebesar 69,17 yang berarti skor ini dimasukkan ke dalam kategori Marginal High dan tergolong ke dalam kategori OK

Kidney single-cell atlas reveals myeloid heterogeneity in progression and regression of kidney disease

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the roles of myeloid cell subsets in kidney injury and in the limited ability of the organ to repair itself. Characterizing these cells based only on surface markers using flow cytometry might not provide a full phenotypic picture. Defining these cells at the single-cell, transcriptomic level could reveal myeloid heterogeneity in the progression and regression of kidney disease. METHODS: Integrated droplet– and plate-based single-cell RNA sequencing were used in the murine, reversible, unilateral ureteric obstruction model to dissect the transcriptomic landscape at the single-cell level during renal injury and the resolution of fibrosis. Paired blood exchange tracked the fate of monocytes recruited to the injured kidney. RESULTS: A single-cell atlas of the kidney generated using transcriptomics revealed marked changes in the proportion and gene expression of renal cell types during injury and repair. Conventional flow cytometry markers would not have identified the 12 myeloid cell subsets. Monocytes recruited to the kidney early after injury rapidly adopt a proinflammatory, profibrotic phenotype that expresses Arg1, before transitioning to become Ccr2(+) macrophages that accumulate in late injury. Conversely, a novel Mmp12(+) macrophage subset acts during repair. CONCLUSIONS: Complementary technologies identified novel myeloid subtypes, based on transcriptomics in single cells, that represent therapeutic targets to inhibit progression or promote regression of kidney disease

The Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment: Exploring Fundamental Symmetries of the Universe

The preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early Universe, the dynamics of the supernova bursts that produced the heavy elements necessary for life and whether protons eventually decay --- these mysteries at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early evolution of our Universe, its current state and its eventual fate. The Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE) represents an extensively developed plan for a world-class experiment dedicated to addressing these questions. LBNE is conceived around three central components: (1) a new, high-intensity neutrino source generated from a megawatt-class proton accelerator at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, (2) a near neutrino detector just downstream of the source, and (3) a massive liquid argon time-projection chamber deployed as a far detector deep underground at the Sanford Underground Research Facility. This facility, located at the site of the former Homestake Mine in Lead, South Dakota, is approximately 1,300 km from the neutrino source at Fermilab -- a distance (baseline) that delivers optimal sensitivity to neutrino charge-parity symmetry violation and mass ordering effects. This ambitious yet cost-effective design incorporates scalability and flexibility and can accommodate a variety of upgrades and contributions. With its exceptional combination of experimental configuration, technical capabilities, and potential for transformative discoveries, LBNE promises to be a vital facility for the field of particle physics worldwide, providing physicists from around the globe with opportunities to collaborate in a twenty to thirty year program of exciting science. In this document we provide a comprehensive overview of LBNE's scientific objectives, its place in the landscape of neutrino physics worldwide, the technologies it will incorporate and the capabilities it will possess.Comment: Major update of previous version. This is the reference document for LBNE science program and current status. Chapters 1, 3, and 9 provide a comprehensive overview of LBNE's scientific objectives, its place in the landscape of neutrino physics worldwide, the technologies it will incorporate and the capabilities it will possess. 288 pages, 116 figure

Genomic, Pathway Network, and Immunologic Features Distinguishing Squamous Carcinomas

This integrated, multiplatform PanCancer Atlas study co-mapped and identified distinguishing molecular features of squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) from five sites associated with smokin

Pan-Cancer Analysis of lncRNA Regulation Supports Their Targeting of Cancer Genes in Each Tumor Context

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are commonly dys-regulated in tumors, but only a handful are known toplay pathophysiological roles in cancer. We inferredlncRNAs that dysregulate cancer pathways, onco-genes, and tumor suppressors (cancer genes) bymodeling their effects on the activity of transcriptionfactors, RNA-binding proteins, and microRNAs in5,185 TCGA tumors and 1,019 ENCODE assays.Our predictions included hundreds of candidateonco- and tumor-suppressor lncRNAs (cancerlncRNAs) whose somatic alterations account for thedysregulation of dozens of cancer genes and path-ways in each of 14 tumor contexts. To demonstrateproof of concept, we showed that perturbations tar-geting OIP5-AS1 (an inferred tumor suppressor) andTUG1 and WT1-AS (inferred onco-lncRNAs) dysre-gulated cancer genes and altered proliferation ofbreast and gynecologic cancer cells. Our analysis in-dicates that, although most lncRNAs are dysregu-lated in a tumor-specific manner, some, includingOIP5-AS1, TUG1, NEAT1, MEG3, and TSIX, synergis-tically dysregulate cancer pathways in multiple tumorcontexts

Pan-cancer Alterations of the MYC Oncogene and Its Proximal Network across the Cancer Genome Atlas

Although theMYConcogene has been implicated incancer, a systematic assessment of alterations ofMYC, related transcription factors, and co-regulatoryproteins, forming the proximal MYC network (PMN),across human cancers is lacking. Using computa-tional approaches, we define genomic and proteo-mic features associated with MYC and the PMNacross the 33 cancers of The Cancer Genome Atlas.Pan-cancer, 28% of all samples had at least one ofthe MYC paralogs amplified. In contrast, the MYCantagonists MGA and MNT were the most frequentlymutated or deleted members, proposing a roleas tumor suppressors.MYCalterations were mutu-ally exclusive withPIK3CA,PTEN,APC,orBRAFalterations, suggesting that MYC is a distinct onco-genic driver. Expression analysis revealed MYC-associated pathways in tumor subtypes, such asimmune response and growth factor signaling; chro-matin, translation, and DNA replication/repair wereconserved pan-cancer. This analysis reveals insightsinto MYC biology and is a reference for biomarkersand therapeutics for cancers with alterations ofMYC or the PMN

Spatial Organization and Molecular Correlation of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes Using Deep Learning on Pathology Images

Beyond sample curation and basic pathologic characterization, the digitized H&E-stained images of TCGA samples remain underutilized. To highlight this resource, we present mappings of tumorinfiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) based on H&E images from 13 TCGA tumor types. These TIL maps are derived through computational staining using a convolutional neural network trained to classify patches of images. Affinity propagation revealed local spatial structure in TIL patterns and correlation with overall survival. TIL map structural patterns were grouped using standard histopathological parameters. These patterns are enriched in particular T cell subpopulations derived from molecular measures. TIL densities and spatial structure were differentially enriched among tumor types, immune subtypes, and tumor molecular subtypes, implying that spatial infiltrate state could reflect particular tumor cell aberration states. Obtaining spatial lymphocytic patterns linked to the rich genomic characterization of TCGA samples demonstrates one use for the TCGA image archives with insights into the tumor-immune microenvironment

Medium Chain Fatty Acids Are Selective Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor (PPAR) γ Activators and Pan-PPAR Partial Agonists

Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) act through peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) γ to increase insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes (T2DM), but deleterious effects of these ligands mean that selective modulators with improved clinical profiles are needed. We obtained a crystal structure of PPARγ ligand binding domain (LBD) and found that the ligand binding pocket (LBP) is occupied by bacterial medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs). We verified that MCFAs (C8–C10) bind the PPARγ LBD in vitro and showed that they are low-potency partial agonists that display assay-specific actions relative to TZDs; they act as very weak partial agonists in transfections with PPARγ LBD, stronger partial agonists with full length PPARγ and exhibit full blockade of PPARγ phosphorylation by cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (cdk5), linked to reversal of adipose tissue insulin resistance. MCFAs that bind PPARγ also antagonize TZD-dependent adipogenesis in vitro. X-ray structure B-factor analysis and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations suggest that MCFAs weakly stabilize C-terminal activation helix (H) 12 relative to TZDs and this effect is highly dependent on chain length. By contrast, MCFAs preferentially stabilize the H2-H3/β-sheet region and the helix (H) 11-H12 loop relative to TZDs and we propose that MCFA assay-specific actions are linked to their unique binding mode and suggest that it may be possible to identify selective PPARγ modulators with useful clinical profiles among natural products

Quantifying primaquine effectiveness and improving adherence: a round table discussion of the APMEN Vivax Working Group.

The goal to eliminate malaria from the Asia-Pacific by 2030 will require the safe and widespread delivery of effective radical cure of malaria. In October 2017, the Asia Pacific Malaria Elimination Network Vivax Working Group met to discuss the impediments to primaquine (PQ) radical cure, how these can be overcome and the methodological difficulties in assessing clinical effectiveness of radical cure. The salient discussions of this meeting which involved 110 representatives from 18 partner countries and 21 institutional partner organizations are reported. Context specific strategies to improve adherence are needed to increase understanding and awareness of PQ within affected communities; these must include education and health promotion programs. Lessons learned from other disease programs highlight that a package of approaches has the greatest potential to change patient and prescriber habits, however optimizing the components of this approach and quantifying their effectiveness is challenging. In a trial setting, the reactivity of participants results in patients altering their behaviour and creates inherent bias. Although bias can be reduced by integrating data collection into the routine health care and surveillance systems, this comes at a cost of decreasing the detection of clinical outcomes. Measuring adherence and the factors that relate to it, also requires an in-depth understanding of the context and the underlying sociocultural logic that supports it. Reaching the elimination goal will require innovative approaches to improve radical cure for vivax malaria, as well as the methods to evaluate its effectiveness