REKONSTRUKSI KEWENANGAN ASAL-USUL ATAS KELEMBAGAAN, PENGISIAN JABATAN, DAN MASA JABATAN KEPALA DESA ADAT

This study examines the normative ambiguity in Article 109 of the Village Law, which stipulates that the institutional structure, mechanisms for filling positions, and terms of office of customary (adat) village heads must be determined based on customary law, while at the same time requiring these matters to be stipulated in Provincial Regional Regulations. This formulation creates a dualism of authority between the rights of origin of customary (adat) peoples and the regulatory authority of local governments. Using a normative legal approach through the analysis of laws and regulations, academic literature, and regional regulatory practices, this study finds that the ambiguity of Article 109 has encouraged the emergence of Regional Regulations that are both regulative and interventionist in nature. Local governments not only recognize but also reorganize customary arrangements in detail, including the uniformity of adat institutional structures, the regulation of appointment mechanisms, the determination of genealogical requirements, and the establishment of terms of office for adat village heads. This research proposes a reconstruction of Article 109 by emphasizing that Regional Regulations should function declaratively, namely, by recognizing adat mechanisms rather than re-regulating them. Through this reconstruction model, original authority over institutional structures, appointment mechanisms, and terms of office of adat leaders can be restored as the full domain of adat law communities, thereby enabling state–adat relations to operate proportionally within the framework of Indonesian legal pluralism

UPAYA PENANGANAN DAMPAK LALU LINTAS AKIBAT PEMBANGUNAN PASAR SENI BIRA DI KABUPATEN BULUKUMBA

Abstract   The development of trade infrastructure, particularly an art market or pasar seni, located in the Bira area, Bulukumba Regency, is an important part of supporting economic growth and improving the welfare of the people in the regency. Markets generally function as distribution centers for goods and services, which drive local and regional economic activities. However, the increased intensity of activities due to market development often gives rise to various external problems, one of which is the impact of market activities on the surrounding traffic system. The purpose of this study is to analyze the performance of the road network in the Bira area, before and after the operation of the Bira Art Market (Pasar Seni Bira), Bulukumba Regency, and to provide recommendations for efforts to address the impact of the construction of the Bira Art Market on traffic performance on the road network in the market area. This study shows that the performance of the road network in the Bira area, both before and after the operation of the Bira Art Market in 2029, has a service level of A. This result means that the presence of the Bira Art Market does not affect the existing traffic flow conditions. This study also provides recommendations for addressing the impacts of the construction of the Bira Art Market. The recommended measures are grouped into three sections: addressing the impacts of traffic disruptions, addressing the impacts of traffic safety disruptions, and addressing the impacts of road damage.   Keywords: economic growth; market development; traffic performance; traffic smoothness     Abstrak   Pembangunan infrastruktur perdagangan, khususnya Pasar Seni, yang berlokasi di Kawasan Bira, Kabupaten Bulukumba, merupakan suatu bagian penting dalam mendukung pertumbuhan ekonomi dan peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat di kabupaten tersebut. Pasar umumnya berfungsi sebagai pusat distribusi barang dan jasa, yang mendorong aktivitas-aktivitas ekonomi lokal maupun regional. Namun, peningkatan intensitas kegiatan akibat pembangunan pasar sering kali menimbulkan berbagai permasalahan eksternal, yang salah satunya adalah dampak aktivitas pasar tersebut terhadap sistem lalu lintas di sekitarnya. Tujuan studi ini adalah untuk menganalisis kinerja jaringan jalan di Kawasan Bira, sebelum dan sesudah beroperasinya Pasar Seni Bira, Kabupaten Bulukumba, serta memberikan rekomendasi upaya penanganan dampak pembangunan Pasar Seni Bira tersebut terhadap kinerja lalu lintas di jaringan jalan yang terdapat di kawasan pasar tersebut. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa kinerja jaringan jalan di Kawasan Bira, sebelum maupun sesudah beroperasinya Pasar Seni Bira di tahun 2029, mempunyai tingkat pelayanan A. Hasil ini berarti bahwa adanya Pasar Seni Bira tidak memengaruhi kondisi arus lalu lintas yang ada. Studi ini juga memberikan rekomendasi untuk menangani dampak akibat pembangunan Pasar Seni Bira. Penanganan yang direkomendasikan dikelompokkan menjadi 3 bagian, yaitu penanganan dampak akibat gangguan kelancaran lalu lintas, penanganan dampak akibat gang-guan keselamatan lalu lintas, dan penanganan dampak akibat gangguan kerusakan jalan.   Kata-kata kunci: pertumbuhan ekonomi; pembangunan pasar; kinerja lalu lintas; kelancaran lalu linta

PELINDUNGAN HUKUM BAGI DOKTER SPESIALIS MATA DALAM PELAKSANAAN TELEMEDISIN DI INDONESIA

Indonesia, as a nation embracing the welfare state principle, seeks to guarantee equal access to health services through the utilization of telemedicine. The Ministry of Health has issued regulations aimed at maintaining the uniformity and reliability of digital healthcare services nationwide. Nevertheless, the implementation of telemedicine relies heavily on medical professionals, whose work must be supported by adequate legal protection. Using a doctrinal research method with an analytical approach, this study identifies significant shortcomings in the existing legal framework, particularly the absence of clear safeguards for ophthalmologists who may face potential legal liability arising from diagnostic inaccuracies related to patient imaging in telemedicine practices. The findings highlight the urgent need to establish a comprehensive legal framework that ensures the protection of medical professionals, especially ophthalmologists, while strengthening the sustainability and effectiveness of telemedicine delivery in Indonesia

Explaining the United States of America\u27s Congressional Voting Variations on International Trade Organization Establishment

This study investigates why the United States Congress produced different outcomes when consider in joining two comparable trade institutions: the International Trade Organization (ITO) in 1948 and the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1994. Despite similar institutional settings, presidential leadership, and party platforms, Congress refused to ratify the ITO but approved the WTO. Using a paired comparative case study and structured, focused process tracing, the analysis evaluates two explanations of congressional voting behavior: the ideological alignment of members with their party’s platform and the constituency economic interests within each member’s district. The findings show that party platforms alone did not determine legislative behavior. Instead, the interaction between individual ideology and district-level economic exposure better explains cross-party defections and divergent outcomes across the two cases. Ideological divergence weakened party cohesion in both periods, but constituency economic vulnerability—particularly in import-sensitive or recession-affected regions—proved decisive in shaping opposition to trade liberalization. The study concludes that congressional responses to major trade agreements are driven less by formal party doctrine than by the economic structure of constituencies and the electoral incentives of their representatives. This highlights a persistent tension between international trade objectives and district-level economic realities in U.S. trade policymaking. Keywords: Two-level Game; Trade Institutions; Liberalization; Congressional Decision Making; Ratification

PENETAPAN PENGAMPUAN UNTUK PENGURUSAN HARTA DAN PERALIHAN HAK ATAS TANAH OLEH HAKIM PENGADILAN AGAMA

This paper analyzes legal reasoning employed by the Religious Court in adjudicating guardianship cases concerning asset management and the transfer of land rights. The research adopts both normative and empirical methods by examining Religious Court regulations on guardianship and conducting interviews with representatives of TASPEN Corp., the Land Office, and Land Deed Officials. The findings show that in certain cases the Court rejected guardianship applications on the grounds that such matters did not fall within the absolute jurisdiction of the Religious Court. In these decisions, judges relied on grammatical interpretation and the argumentum a contrario method of legal reasoning. Conversely, in cases where guardianship was granted, judges based their decisions on Book II of the Supreme Court Guidelines, the principle of Islamic personality, and analogical reasoning, employing various methods of legal interpretation, including authentic, extensive, and systematic interpretation. The study further finds that Religious Court guardianship decisions have legal implications for salary and pension management at TASPEN Corp. However, such decisions do not affect the transfer of land rights unless the Court’s ruling expressly grants permission to the guardian to carry out the transfer

PARALLEL PRICING AND THE USE OF CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE IN PROVING PRICE-FIXING CARTELS

Most jurisdictions rely on indirect (circumstantial) evidence to prove parallel pricing that constitutes a price-fixing cartel when there is no direct evidence of an agreement among competing businesses. In Indonesia, however, the use of circumstantial evidence in proving price-fixing cartels remains debatable, as the Competition Act does not explicitly recognize circumstantial evidence as a form of proof available to the Business Competition Supervisory Commission (KPPU) in enforcing the Act. In several price-fixing cases, courts have rejected KPPU decisions that relied solely on circumstantial evidence to establish the existence of an agreement. This article examines how circumstantial evidence has been applied by the KPPU and the courts in cases involving parallel pricing. It further analyzes whether the Competition Act accommodates circumstantial evidence as a valid means of proving parallel pricing that amounts to a price-fixing cartel. The article seeks to clarify the significance of circumstantial evidence in establishing price-fixing agreements, which is essential for effective enforcement of competition law in Indonesia. Based on normative legal research, the article concludes that the use of circumstantial evidence in prosecuting price-fixing cartels can be justified under the existing Competition Act

DAYA DUKUNG FONDASI TIANG BOR PADA ABUTMEN JEMBATAN WAI RAHWAEN DI PULAU BURU PROVINSI MALUKU

Abstract   The foundation is the most crucial element of a bridge structure, as it plays a role in supporting the load and transmitting it to the harder soil layers. The Wai Rahwaen Bridge, located on Buru Island, Maluku Province, was built using bored pile foundations, to provide effective bearing capacity for the structure above it. The analysis of the foundation bearing capacity in this study was conducted using a pre- and post-installation approach. This is very important to ensure that the foundation can support the stability of the appropriate abutment load. Before the foundation was installed, the foundation bearing capacity was estimated based on data from 2 points from the Standard Penetration Test and using 2 empirical methods, namely the Reese and Wright Method and the Reese and O\u27Neill Method. After the foundation was installed, the foundation bearing capacity was determined using data from 4 points from the Pile Driving Analyzer test. The Reese and Wright Method produced an ultimate bearing capacity of 272.5 tons, while the Reese and O\u27Neill Method produced an ultimate bearing capacity of 309.4 tons. After the foundation was installed, the ultimate bearing capacity determined based on Pile Driving Analyzer test data was 316.2 tons. This study shows that the Reese and Wright Method and the Reese and O\u27Neill Method produced estimates of the ultimate bearing capacity of a single pile by 13.8% and 2.2%, respectively, when compared to the ultimate bearing capacity obtained using the Pile Driving Analyzer test results.   Keywords: foundation; bridge structure; bearing capacity; bored pile foundation; bridge abutment     Abstrak   Fondasi merupakan elemen paling krusial dari struktur jembatan, karena fondasi berperan menahan beban dan meneruskan beban tersebut ke lapisan tanah yang lebih keras. Jembatan Wai Rahwaen, yang terletak di Pulau Buru, Provinsi Maluku, dibangun dengan menggunakan fondasi tiang bor, untuk memberikan daya dukung yang efektif bagi struktur di atasnya. Analisis daya dukung fondasi pada studi ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan sebelum dan setelah pemasangan fondasi. Hal ini sangat penting untuk dilakukan, untuk memastikan bahwa fondasi itu dapat menopang stabilitas beban abutmen yang sesuai. Sebelum fondasi dipasang, daya dukung fondasi diestimasi berdasarkan data 2 titik hasil uji Standard Penetration Test serta menggunakan 2 metode empiris, yaitu Metode Reese and Wright dan Metode Reese and O’Neill. Setelah fondasi terpasang, daya dukung fondasi ditentukan dengan menggunakan data 4 titik hasil uji Pile Driving Analyzer. Metode Reese and Wright menghasilkan daya dukung ultimit fondasi sebesar 272,5 ton, sedangkan Metode Reese and O’Neill menghasilkan daya dukung ultimit sebesar 309,4 ton. Setelah fondasi terpasang daya dukung ultimit yang ditentukan berdasarkan data uji Pile Driving Analyzer adalah sebesar 316,2 ton. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa Metode Reese dan Wright serta Metode Reese dan O’Neill menghasilkan nilai estimasi daya dukung ultimate tiang tunggal yang lebih rendah, masing-masing 13,8% dan 2,2%, bila dibandingkan dengan daya dukung ultimate yang dihasilkan dengan menggunakan hasil uji Pile Driving Analyzer   Kata-kata kunci: fondasi; struktur jembatan; daya dukung; fondasi tiang bor; abutmen jembata

KEWENANGAN PENGADILAN YANG DIPILIH DALAM KLAUSULA PILIHAN PENGADILAN: TINJAUAN BERDASARKAN HUKUM PERDATA INTERNASIONAL INDONESIA

A choice of court agreement made by contracting parties is recognized under Indonesian civil procedure law. Nevertheless, Indonesian courts frequently decline to uphold the jurisdiction of the court selected by the parties. This is because, under Indonesian Civil Procedure Rules, the principle of actor sequitur forum rei may take precedence over the parties’ choice of court agreement. Moreover, as Indonesian law does not expressly regulate the jurisdiction of foreign courts, Indonesian courts tend to assert jurisdiction over disputes even where the parties have nominated a foreign court in their agreement. This article is based on normative juridical research involving the analysis of legal materials consisting of statutes and regulations, case law, and legal doctrine. In light of these findings, the article proposes that Indonesia enact the Bill on Private International Law, which includes provisions governing international jurisdiction for both Indonesian and foreign courts. Additionally, the article advocates for Indonesia’s accession to the 2005 Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements and outlines recommended measures to safeguard Indonesia’s national interests through reformation of the judiciaries

PEMAKNAAN MAHKAMAH KONSTITUSI TERHADAP BATASAN OPEN LEGAL POLICY BESERTA KOMPLEKSITASNYA

The Constitutional Court of Indonesia (Mahkamah Konstitusi) has exhibited a significant shift in its constitutional interpretative practice in adjudicating cases involving open legal policy. This shift is reflected in the Court’s recent tendency to grant judicial review petitions against norms that were previously classified as open legal policy and consistently considered beyond the scope of constitutional review, insofar as such norms are deemed to have exceeded certain constitutional limits. This research employs a normative juridical method and examines two main issues. First, it analyzes how the Constitutional Court conceptualizes the limits of open legal policy in adjudicating and granting judicial review cases. Second, it explores how the complexity of these limits is reflected in the Court’s legal reasoning. The findings indicate that the Constitutional Court has formulated several parameters limiting open legal policy, namely: (1) abuse of power by the legislator; (2) provisions that contravene principles of morality and rationality and result in intolerable injustice; (3) violations of political rights and the principle of popular sovereignty; (4) deficiencies in institutional design and function; and (5) norms that are manifestly contradictory to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. Nevertheless, this study also reveals various complexities in the application of these limitations, including a tendency toward contradictio in terminis, interpretive difficulties surrounding the concepts of morality, rationality, and intolerable injustice due to their broad and fluid nature, as well as persistent tensions between legal certainty and constitutional justice in judicial review practice

Vietnam in the China Plus One Strategy: Geoeconomic Hedging and Middle-Power Agency in Indo-Pacific Supply Chains

This article analyzes Vietnam’s strategic repositioning in global supply chains in the context of intensifying U.S.–China rivalry. As multinational corporations implement “China Plus One” strategies to mitigate geopolitical risk and supply chain concentration, Vietnam has emerged as a key destination, benefitting from its geographic proximity to China, cost-effective labor, expanding trade architecture, and proactive regulatory reforms. Yet this shift is not solely driven by firm-level dynamics; it is also the result of Vietnam’s deliberate geoeconomic strategy. Drawing on hedging theory, the article contends that Vietnam employs a calibrated mix of economic diversification, institutional flexibility, and strategic ambiguity to maximize autonomy while avoiding overdependence on any major power. Through empirical examination of foreign direct investment trends, trade commitments, technological upgrading, and participation in both U.S.- and China-led regional initiatives, the paper conceptualizes Vietnam’s approach as “geoeconomic hedging.” It introduces the term “Vietnam Plus One” to describe the country’s emerging role not only as a relocation site but also as a catalyst for broader regional diversification. By extending the logic of hedging beyond the security domain into economic statecraft, this study contributes to ongoing debates on middle-power agency, regional order, and the restructuring of global production networks in the Indo-Pacific.   Key words: China Plus One strategy, Vietnam Plus One strategy, geoeconomics hedging, global supply chains, middle power diplomac