The ultrasonic process with titanium magnetic oxide nanoparticles to enhance the amoxicillin removal efficiency

The widespread use of antibiotics and their subsequent release into the environment has caused concern around the world. Incomplete metabolism releases these chemicals into the environment, and traditional purification systems are unable to remove them. As a result, it lingers in the environment and is one of the most serious environmental issues confronting public health. The goal of this study was to investigate the possibility of using ultrasonic and titanium dioxide nanoparticles as catalysts for the removal of amoxicillin from aqueous solutions, as well as to figure out the optimal conditions to maximize the efficiency of removal efficiency. Decomposition of amoxicillin in water in the presence of titanium magnetic catalyst with concentrations of 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2.5 g/L and amoxicillin concentrations of 1, 10, 25, 50, and 100 mg/L at different times of 10 to 180 minutes, pHs of 3, 4, 5, 7, 9 and 11, temperatures of 10 to 60 ºC and frequencies of 35, 300, and 700 kHz were examined. At a concentration of 1 g/L catalyst, a concentration of 10 mg/L amoxicillin, a standstill duration of 60 minutes, an acidic pH, a temperature of 40 °C, and a frequency of 35 kHz, the maximum removal of amoxicillin (91.7%) occurred. The use of an ultrasonic method in conjunction with titanium magnetic nanoparticles as an oxidizing agent proved to be a successful tool for lowering amoxicillin concentrations in aqueous media. As a result, advanced oxidation processes, particularly ultrasonic, can reduce pharmaceutical and organic contaminants in the environment

Methane emission: strategies to reduce global warming in relation to animal husbandry units with emphasis on ruminants

Concerns about global warming and greenhouse gases have increased the interest of governments and the public sector to find solutions. To reduce the effects of global warming caused by greenhouse gases, especially methane, it is necessary to change animal production systems and adopt new strategic approaches. The reduction of enteric methane in livestock is a long-standing problem regarding the energy efficiency of consumed feed. In this review, the sources of production, dissemination, and introduction of accepted scientific and practical solutions in order to reduce methane gas in breeding and production units of dairy cows have been investigated. To carry out this research, a thorough search was conducted in articles published in valid databases between 1967 and 2022. A total of 213 articles were reviewed, and after screening, 159 were included in the study and analyzed using a PRISMA flow diagram. In general, low livestock efficiency, low-quality feed, a shortage of knowledge, and inadequate investment are the main causes of emission of these gases in poor or developing countries. On the other hand, developing countries may not always have access to the same methods that are utilized in industrialized countries to minimize the production of methane and other greenhouse gases like nitrous oxide. According to their conditions, developing countries should use the available tools to reduce methane production and emission, considering the costs, local knowledge, feasibility, and local laws. In future, there will be a greater need for interdisciplinary research to look for sustainable and acceptable methods for reducing methane emissions and other greenhouse gases from animal husbandry units, especially dairy cows. To change the population of rumen methanogens, as the main producers of methane, strategies such as feeding management, addition of inhibitors and vaccination are suggested. Also, there is a need for more applied research for reducing methane emissions