Anti-Markovnikov opening of trisubstituted epoxy alcohols: application in the synthesis of 2-methyl-1,3-diols

2-Methyl-1,3-diols are synthesized by regioselectively opening trisubstituted epoxides, prepared from 2-methylbut-2- en-1-ols at the more substituted carbon using Cp2TiCl- cyclohexa-1,4-diene

An Indian effort towards affordable drugs: "generic to designer drugs"

This review discusses the progress of India from being one of the largest producers of generics to its coming of age and initiating novel drug development programs such as the Open Source Drug Discovery for tuberculosis. A few groups have also begun to emerge which focus their research on rational or structure based drug design. We discuss here some of the ongoing efforts in drug discovery in India primarily in national research institutions and academia

Stabilization of β-hairpin structures via inter-strand ∏-∏ and hydrogen bond interactions in α-, β-, γ-hybrid peptides

Synthesis and conformational studies of α-, β-, γ-hybrid peptides containing a pyrrole amino acid (Paa, 1) and a furan amino acid (Faa, 2), namely Boc-β-Phe-Faa-D-Pro-Gly-Paa-β-HGly-Faa-OMe (3) and Boc-Paa-β-Phe-Faa-D-Pro-Gly-Paa-β-HGly-Faa-OMe (4), were carried out and they adopt β-hairpin structures stabilized via inter-strand ∏-∏ and hydrogen bonding interactions

The global burden of adolescent and young adult cancer in 2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background In estimating the global burden of cancer, adolescents and young adults with cancer are often overlooked, despite being a distinct subgroup with unique epidemiology, clinical care needs, and societal impact. Comprehensive estimates of the global cancer burden in adolescents and young adults (aged 15-39 years) are lacking. To address this gap, we analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, with a focus on the outcome of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), to inform global cancer control measures in adolescents and young adults. Methods Using the GBD 2019 methodology, international mortality data were collected from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and population-based cancer registry inputs modelled with mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs). Incidence was computed with mortality estimates and corresponding MIRs. Prevalence estimates were calculated using modelled survival and multiplied by disability weights to obtain years lived with disability (YLDs). Years of life lost (YLLs) were calculated as age-specific cancer deaths multiplied by the standard life expectancy at the age of death. The main outcome was DALYs (the sum of YLLs and YLDs). Estimates were presented globally and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintiles (countries ranked and divided into five equal SDI groups), and all estimates were presented with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). For this analysis, we used the age range of 15-39 years to define adolescents and young adults. Findings There were 1.19 million (95% UI 1.11-1.28) incident cancer cases and 396 000 (370 000-425 000) deaths due to cancer among people aged 15-39 years worldwide in 2019. The highest age-standardised incidence rates occurred in high SDI (59.6 [54.5-65.7] per 100 000 person-years) and high-middle SDI countries (53.2 [48.8-57.9] per 100 000 person-years), while the highest age-standardised mortality rates were in low-middle SDI (14.2 [12.9-15.6] per 100 000 person-years) and middle SDI (13.6 [12.6-14.8] per 100 000 person-years) countries. In 2019, adolescent and young adult cancers contributed 23.5 million (21.9-25.2) DALYs to the global burden of disease, of which 2.7% (1.9-3.6) came from YLDs and 97.3% (96.4-98.1) from YLLs. Cancer was the fourth leading cause of death and tenth leading cause of DALYs in adolescents and young adults globally. Interpretation Adolescent and young adult cancers contributed substantially to the overall adolescent and young adult disease burden globally in 2019. These results provide new insights into the distribution and magnitude of the adolescent and young adult cancer burden around the world. With notable differences observed across SDI settings, these estimates can inform global and country-level cancer control efforts. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe

Chemistry of potent anti-cancer compounds, amphidinolides

Amphidinolides A-V represent a family of cytotoxic marine natural products with diverse structural features and pronounced biological activities. Kobayashi and his research group have been reporting over the years the discoveries of these remarkable molecules, one after another, since 1986 when the first report of the series appeared. Thanks to their perseverance and painstaking research, the family is still expanding. The unique structural features and biological activity profiles of these macrolides have obviously attracted the attention of organic chemists worldwide. The total syntheses of three members of the family, amphidinolides J, K and P, have already been achieved. This review tries to chronicle the fascinating chemistries of amphidinolides, studies on the syntheses of some of these molecules and their biological activity profiles

Diastereoselective opening of trisubstituted epoxy alcohols: application in the synthesis of (+)-prelactone C

A novel method developed by us for the synthesis of chiral 2-methyl-1,3-diols by radical-mediated diastereoselective opening of trisubstituted epoxy alcohols at the more substituted carbon was the key step in the synthesis of (+)-prelactone C (1)

Stereoselective synthesis of <i>N</i>-phthalimido-2-carboxyaziridines: precursors to α-hydrazino acid derivatives^†

895-897Diastereoselective addition of N-acetoxyaminophthalimide to chiral N-(α,β-unsaturatedacyl)-4-phenyl-2-oxazolidinones 6 resulted in the formation of chiral N-phthalimido-2-carboxy-aziridines 4 (or, 5) in excellent yields and in very good diastereoselectivity, especially for substrates having aryl substituents in the 3-position. One of these products 4a is converted to the corresponding N-phthalimido-α-hydrazino acid methyl ester 7<span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:Fd186680-Identity-H; mso-bidi-font-family:Fd186680-Identity-H;color:#121212">. </span

Total synthesis of (+)-crocacin D

The first total synthesis of the potent antifungal and cytotoxic agent (+)-crocacin D in optically pure form following a convergent strategy is described here. The regioselective ring opening of a silyl-substituted epoxide with an azide ion, based on a method developed by us earlier, and subsequent subjection of the resulting &#945;-azido-&#946;-hydroxyalkylsilane intermediate to a Peterson elimination reaction at an appropriate stage during the synthesis constituted the key steps for the stereoselective construction of the crucial cis enamide moiety of the molecule

Synthesis of chiral 1,3-diols by radical-mediated regioselective opening of 2,3-epoxy alcohols using cp<SUB>2</SUB>TiCl

Radical-mediated opening of chiral 2,3-epoxy alcohols 1a-e, regioselectively at the 2-position, using cp2TiCl in the absence of a hydrogen source leads to the formation of the 1,3-diols 2a-e