Saltmarsh as habitat of Common Redshanks Tringa totanus breeding in the Wadden Sea of Lower Saxony, Germany : useful hideaway or ecological trap?

Die Brutbestände des Rotschenkels nehmen in weiten Teilen Europas stark ab, während die des Wattenmeeres stabil sind bzw. lange Zeit waren. Verschiedene Studien legen jedoch nahe, dass die Reproduktion des Rotschenkels im Wattenmeer räumlich stark variiert. Ziel der in den Jahren 2004 bis 2006 durchgeführten telemetrischen Untersuchungen von Küken des Rotschenkels auf der Insel Wangerooge und im Petersgroden am Festland war, erstmalig den Bruterfolg dieser Art zu beziffern, die bisher vorläufige Einschätzung einer räumlich stark variierenden Reproduktion zu verifizieren sowie Modelle künftiger Bestandsverläufe zu entwerfen. Aufgrund geringerer Gelege-Prädation erzielten die Vögel auf Wangerooge einen sehr viel höheren Schlupferfolg (2005/06: 64 bzw. 93 % der Gelege) als im Petersgroden (2004 bis 2006: 4 bis 15 %). Abgesehen von witterungsbedingten Totalverlusten im Jahre 2004 am Festland, lag die Mortalität nicht-flügger Küken in beiden Gebieten bei 70-80 %. Der Bruterfolg in den Jahren 2005 und 2006 wird auf 0,51 bzw. 1,0 Küken pro Brutpaar auf Wangerooge und auf konstant 0,15 Küken/Brutpaar am Festland geschätzt. Bei bisherigen Schätzungen (Literaturwerte) jährlicher Mortalitätsraten von 35 (Subadulte) bzw. 25 % (Adulte) wären diese Bruterfolge bei Weitem nicht ausreichend, um den untersuchten Festlandsbestand langfristig zu erhalten. Auf Wangerooge dagegen würden zumindest zeitweise mehr Jungvögel produziert als für die Erhaltung des regionalen Bestandes notwendig sind. Die bisherige Annahme einer räumlich variierenden Reproduktion von Rotschenkeln im Wattenmeer konnte mit diesen Ergebnissen bestätigt werden. Ob die gefundenen Bruterfolge zur Erklärung der gegenwärtigen Bestandsdynamik des Rotschenkels im Wattenmeer ausreichen, bleibt allerdings weiterhin fraglich. Die Notwendigkeit eines integrierten Populationsmonitorings wird vor diesem Hintergrund diskutiert. Die nicht-flüggen Küken waren in beiden Untersuchungsgebieten sehr ortstreu. Sie entfernten sich in den ersten Lebenswochen durchschnittlich maximal knapp 200 m vom ursprünglichen Neststandort und nutzten dabei eine Fläche von durchschnittlich etwa 0,4 ha. Die Raumnutzung von Rotschenkel-Familien legt nahe, dass der Bruterfolg der Vögel auch nach dem Schlupf der Küken noch potentiell stark durch die landwirtschaftliche Nutzung gefährdet ist, insbesondere durch Mahd. Die hier vorgelegte Untersuchung unterstreicht die Vermutung, dass landwirtschaftliche Nutzung ein ungeeignetes Mittel des Habitatmanagements für Brutvögel der Salzrasen darstellt.In contrast to most other European breeding sites, the breeding population of the Redshank Tringa totanus in the European Wadden Sea is stable in most areas of the ecosystem. As suggested by recent studies on hatching success, however, Redshank reproduction is spatially variable and cannot reliably explain the population trend mentioned above. From 2004 to 2006, a telemetry study on Redshank chicks was conducted in Petersgroden (mainland) and on the island of Wangerooge to record annual breeding success and its spatial variability and to derive predictions on future population trends. Due to lower predation, birds on Wangerooge achieved considerably higher hatching success than birds at the mainland (2005/06: 64 and 93 % of clutches vs. 4 to 15 %, 2004-2005). Apart from total losses due to weather conditions in 2004 at the mainland, chick mortality was relatively constant between regions and years (70-80 %). Derived from chick mortality, breeding success was 0.51 (2005) and 1.0 (2006) chicks per pair on Wangerooge and constantly 0.15 chicks per pair at the mainland. Considering published estimates of annual subadult (35 %) and adult (25 %) mortality, breeding success achieved during this study should not be sufficient to maintain the regional population of the mainland study site. In contrast, the Wangerooge population produced more chicks than needed to sustain its local population. The assumption of spatially varying reproduction of Redshanks breeding in the Wadden Sea could be confirmed by this study. However, it still has to be clarified whether Redshank population dynamics is explained by this varying breeding success. Due to a lack of knowledge in annual survival rates, the necessity of initiating an integrated population monitoring project is discussed. As additionally revealed by chick telemetry, non-fledged chicks were found up to only about 200 m from its former nest site and used about 0.4 ha of the respective saltmarsh habitat. Small home range sizes of Redshank broods within the saltmarsh suggest a potential vulnerability to agricultural habitat management, especially to mowing. Derived from these results, it is unlikely that agriculture is an appropriate way of managing saltmarsh for breeding birds

Declines amongst breeding Eider Somateria mollissima numbers in the Baltic/Wadden Sea flyway

We report on the status of theBaltic/Wadden Sea flyway Eider population based on trends in breeding and wintering numbers throughout the region, supplemented by changes in the sex ratio and proportion of young Eiders as monitored in the Danish hunting bag. At the flyway scale, total numbers of breeding pairs decreased by 48% during 2000–2009, after relatively stable breeding numbers in 1991–2000. The majority of the population nest in Finland and Sweden,where the number of breeding pairs has halved over the same period. After initial declines in winter numbers between 1991 and 2000, during 2000–2009, national wintering numbers increased in the Baltic Sea, but decreased in the Wadden Sea. The annual proportion of adult females in the Danish hunting bag data de creased from ca.45%(1982) to ca.25%(2009) and simultaneously the proportion of firstwinter birds fell from ca. 70% to ca. 30%, indicating dramatic structural changes in the Danish wintering numbers. These results suggest that the total flyway populationwill experience further declines, unless productivity increases and the factors responsible for decreasing adult female survival are identified and ameliorated.We discuss potential population drivers and present some recommendations for improved flyway-levelmonitoring and management of Eiders

Winter distribution of Greater Scaup Aythya marila in relation to available food resources

The European wintering population of Greater Scaup has declined significantly over the last 20 years and some of the main threats appear to be at the wintering grounds. This contribution aims at describing the local distribution of Scaup in the Dutch Wadden Sea, one of the most important wintering sites for Scaup in relation to available food resources. Data on the distribution of Scaup was obtained from annual aerial counts in January during 1999–2009. This data was related to benthos data of regular shellfish surveys in the sublittoral part of the western Dutch Wadden Sea. Boosted regression tree models were applied to quantify the relative importance of different potential prey items to explain the presence of Scaup. Scaup preferred sites with high abundances of small sized Mya arenaria. A negative influence on Scaup preference for sites with high abundances M. arenaria was found when there was a high abundance of large Cerastoderma edule at the sites, which increased Scaup searching time for M. arenaria

De ontwikkeling van een niet beviste sublitorale mosselbank

Het doel van het hier gepresenteerde onderzoek is om door middel van meerjarige monitoring in voor- en najaar inzicht te krijgen in de ontwikkeling van ongestoorde sublitorale mosselbanken en de daarmee geassocieerde biodiversiteit. Voor elk van de gesloten gebieden gelden de volgende vragen: 1. Hoe is de ontwikkeling van de mosselbank wanneer er geen bodemberoerende activiteiten plaatsvinden? Kijk hiervoor naar parameters als areaal, biomassa ontwikkeling, leeftijdsklassen van mosselen en aanwas als gevolg van nieuwe broedval 2. Hoe is de ontwikkeling van de geassocieerde biodiversiteit (flora en fauna). 3. Ontwikkelt zich na sluiting voor mosselzaad- en garnalenvisserij ook andere benthos dan tot dusver op mosselvoorkomens in de Waddenzee wordt aangetroffen

Declines amongst breeding Eider Somateria mollissima numbers in the Baltic/Wadden Sea flyway

We report on the status of the Baltic/Wadden Sea flyway Eider population based on trends in breeding and wintering numbers throughout the region, supplemented by changes in the sex ratio and proportion of young Eiders as monitored in the Danish hunting bag. At the flyway scale, total numbers of breeding pairs decreased by 48% during 2000-2009, after relatively stable breeding numbers in 1991-2000. The majority of the population nest in Finland and Sweden, where the number of breeding pairs has halved over the same period. After initial declines in winter numbers between 1991 and 2000, during 2000-2009, national wintering numbers increased in the Baltic Sea, but decreased in the Wadden Sea. The annual proportion of adult females in the Danish hunting bag data decreased from ca. 45% (1982) to ca. 25% (2009) and simultaneously the proportion of first-winter birds fell from ca. 70% to ca. 30%, indicating dramatic structural changes in the Danish wintering numbers. These results suggest that the total flyway population will experience further declines, unless productivity increases and the factors responsible for decreasing adult female survival are identified and ameliorated. We discuss potential population drivers and present some recommendations for improved flyway-level monitoring and management of Eiders

Effect of round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) invasion on blue mussel (Mytilus edulis trossulus) population and winter diet of the long-tailed duck (Clangula hyemalis)

The invasive round goby has established a viable population within 9 years of its first introduction to Lithuanian coastal waters (SE Baltic Sea). During its expansion phase, abundances increased 23-fold, which led to the near complete eradication of its main prey, the blue mussel, at < 20 m depth. The round goby population showed a stabilizing trend after blue mussel biomass was depleted; however, their abundance has not declined. The round goby feeds efficiently on newly settled mollusks, causing a severe constraint for blue mussel recovery. Changes in blue mussel availability and size structure induced a dietary shift in wintering long-tailed duck towards fish prey. An energetically dense food source sustains a good body condition in long-tailed ducks, however the change in trophic position (from 3.1 to 4.3 trophic level) suggests the potential for a reduction in their carrying capacity. Results from this study also show that coastal habitats with low and unpredictable population dynamics of blue mussel become less attractive wintering sites for long-tailed duck in the Baltic Sea. We also document a cascading effect of invasive species in the food web