AN OVERVIEW OF NATIONAL STUDIES ON THE ACQUISITION OF NAMING IN PROCEDURES WITH STIMULUS EQUIVALENCE AND COCHLEAR IMPLANT USERS

O presente artigo teve por objetivo descrever e analisar, criticamente, o conjunto de experimentos conduzidos por pesquisadores brasileiros a respeito de equivalência de estímulos, nomeação e implante coclear, publicados entre 2008 e 2013. Para tanto, realizou-se um levantamento bibliográfico, em periódicos da área da análise do comportamento e em bancos de teses e dissertações, selecionando-se trabalhos sobre equivalência de estímulos, implante coclear e nomeação. Foram analisados 11 estudos. Após a análise dos estudos, tornou-se possível sugerir que os procedimentos de ensino, comumente aplicados em participantes com implante coclear, foram mais eficientes para estabelecer comportamentos de seleção de figuras e de palavras impressas – ambos considerados repertório receptivo –, do que para estabelecer comportamentos de nomeação de figuras e de palavras impressas, que são comportamentos associados à leitura expressiva. Nesta perspectiva, percebe-se como são necessários avanços tecnológicos nos procedimentos de ensino que se propõem a instalar e manter comportamentos associados à leitura expressiva, a ponto de serem tão eficazes quanto os procedimentos de ensino que instalam e mantêm o repertório receptivo. Palavras chave: equivalência de estímulos, implante coclear, nomeação.This paper aims to describe and critically analyze the set of experiments conducted by Brazilian researchers on stimulus equivalence, naming (expressive repertoire) and cochlear implants, which were published between 2008 and 2013. To this end, a literature review in journals of Behavior Analysis, and banks of theses and dissertations, selecting work on stimulus equivalence, cochlear implants and naming, was conducted. 11 studies were analyzed. After analyzing the studies, it was possible to suggest that the teaching procedures, more often used with participants with cochlear implants, have been more efficient to establish picture and printed words selection behaviors - both considered receptive repertoire - than to establish naming pictures and printed words behaviors, which are behaviors associated with expressive reading. In this perspective, it became clear how necessary technological advances in teaching procedures that propose to install and maintain behaviors associated with expressive reading, as effective as teaching procedures that install and maintain behaviors associated with receptive reading. Keywords: stimulus equivalence, cochlear implant, naming.

BEYOND CLOTHING

BEYOND CLOTHING, a sole proprietorship business formed in February 2020 by Pia Andrade, officially started operations in November 2020 with the mission to provide athletic apparel to Generation Y and Generation Z residing in Region IV-A as they want to help promote healthy lifestyles. BEYOND CLOTHING offered athletic Coolpass fabric shirts priced at Php 400.00 which are available in five sizes and four colors as their flagship product. They diversified into athletic Taslan shorts priced at Php 349.00, which are available in two sizes and two colors. BEYOND CLOTHING entered the athletic apparel market using the market penetration pricing strategy. BEYOND CLOTHING used digital marketing in advertising their products. Both their flagship product and their product diversification, featuring designs made and owned by BEYOND CLOTHING, are comfortable and durable. The strengths of BEYOND CLOTHING that set it apart from its competitors are its products’ durability and features, their meet-up and delivery services, their efficient teamwork, their good supplier relationship and inventory management, and their effective advertising. A total of 120 shirts were produced by the business with a start-up capital of Php 30,000.00 sourced from the owner and the managers. As their break-even was reached, BEYOND CLOTHING allocated Php 3,800.00 for their product diversification. BEYOND CLOTHING will continue its operations after graduating at the end of the academic year

Fairness in the WTO Trading System

We first provide a brief critique of the utilitarian principle as a guide to fairness in the world trading system. We then turn to the alternative conception of fairness in terms of economic equity, exploring the meaning of its two components: equality of opportunity and distributive justice. We thereafter proceed to discuss the conditions of autonomy and reciprocity that have to be met in order to realize greater fairness in multilateral trade negotiations. Next, we comment on aspects of procedural justice that are necessary for the functioning of a fair trading system. Finally, we conclude with an overall assessment of the considerations of the fairness achieved in the Uruguay Round multilateral negotiations.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/78166/1/ipc-109-brown-stern-fairness-wto-trading-system.pd

Management of Portal Hypertension in Children

Management of portal hypertension in children has evolved over the past several decades. Portal hypertension can result from intrahepatic or extrahepatic causes. Management should be tailored to the child based on the etiology of the portal hypertension and on the functionality of the liver. The most serious complication of portal hypertension is gastroesophageal variceal bleeding, which has a mortality of up to 30%. Initial treatment of bleeding focuses on stabilizing the patient. Further treatment measures may include endoscopic, medical, or surgical interventions as appropriate for the child, depending on the cause of the portal hypertension. β-Blockers have not been proven to effectively prevent primary or secondary variceal bleeding in children. Sclerotherapy and variceal band ligation can be used to stop active bleeding and can prevent bleeding from occurring. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts and surgical shunts may be reserved for those who are not candidates for transplant or have refractory bleeding despite medical or endoscopic treatment

Mixed emotions: The contribution of alexithymia to the emotional symptoms of autism

It is widely accepted that autism is associated with disordered emotion processing, and in particular, with deficits of emotional reciprocity such as impaired emotion recognition and reduced empathy. However, a close examination of the literature reveals wide heterogeneity within the autistic population with respect to emotional competence. Here we argue that, where observed, emotional impairments are due to alexithymia - a condition that frequently co-occurs with autism - rather than a feature of autism per se. Alexithymia is a condition characterized by a reduced ability to identify and describe one’s own emotion, but which results in reduced empathy and an impaired ability to recognize the emotions of others. We briefly review studies of emotion processing in alexithymia, and in autism, before describing a recent series of studies directly testing this ‘alexithymia hypothesis’. If found to be correct, the alexithymia hypothesis has wide-reaching implications for the study of autism, and how we might best support sub-groups of autistic individuals with, and without, accompanying alexithymia. Finally, we note the presence of elevated rates of alexithymia, and inconsistent reports of emotional impairments, in eating disorders, schizophrenia, substance abuse, Parkinson’s Disease, Multiple Sclerosis, and anxiety disorders. We speculate that examining the contribution of alexithymia to the emotional symptoms of these disorders may bear fruit in the same way that it is starting to do in autism

No systematic effects of sampling direction on climate-growth relationships in a large-scale, multi-species tree-ring data set

Ring-width series are important for diverse fields of research such as the study of past climate, forest ecology, forest genetics, and the determination of origin (dendro-provenancing) or dating of archaeological objects. Recent research suggests diverging climate-growth relationships in tree-rings due to the cardinal direction of extracting the tree cores (i.e. direction-specific effect). This presents an understudied source of bias that potentially affects many data sets in tree-ring research. In this study, we investigated possible direction-specific growth variability based on an international (10 countries), multi-species (8 species) tree-ring width network encompassing 22 sites. To estimate the effect of direction-specific growth variability on climate-growth relationships, we applied a combination of three methods: An analysis of signal strength differences, a Principal Component Gradient Analysis and a test on the direction-specific differences in correlations between indexed ring-widths series and climate variables. We found no evidence for systematic direction-specific effects on tree radial growth variability in high-pass filtered ring-width series. In addition, direction-specific growth showed only marginal effects on climate-growth correlations. These findings therefore indicate that there is no consistent bias caused by coring direction in data sets used for diverse dendrochronological applications on relatively mesic sites within forests in flat terrain, as were studied here. However, in extremely dry, warm or cold environments, or on steep slopes, and for different life-forms such as shrubs, further research is advisable.</p