A clinopyroxenite intrusion from the Pilanesberg Alkaline Province, South Africa

<p>A number of circular negative magnetic anomalies (up to 8 km across) exist within the area encompassed by the western Bushveld Complex (150 km by 100 km) on the Kaapvaal craton in South Africa. They are covered by up to 700 m of sedimentary rocks of the Karoo Supergroup, which could not produce these anomalies. Exploration boreholes into one of these magnetic anomalies revealed a hidden volcanic complex, called the Elandskraal Volcano. One of these boreholes intersected an olivine–magnetite–apatite clinopyroxenite body, which we studied. Ages on apatite–clinopyroxene pairs using Sm–Nd dating techniques yield a poorly constrained age of 1207 ± 200 Ma, because there is little variation in Sm–Nd between all the samples. This age correlates with the Pilanesberg Alkaline Province that spans the time period from 1430 to 1200 Ma, but almost all age determinations from this suite give very large errors.</p> <p>Three other clinopyroxenite bodies closely related to the Pilanesberg Alkaline Province have been reported, but no geochemical data have been presented. Our mineral and whole-rock geochemical data permit an interpretation of the genesis of these clinopyroxenite bodies. The basaltic lavas of the Elandskraal Volcano are extremely unusual in having very high TiO<sub>2</sub> (over 7 wt%), high Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (16–21 wt%) and high incompatible element contents. Modelling the crystallization sequence using MELTS of the more magnesian lava compositions yields olivine, clinopyroxene, magnetite and apatite as liquidus phases within a temperature interval of less than 30 °C, which matches that observed in the clinopyroxenite body. In our samples the Mg/(Mg + Fe) value for the mafic minerals and incompatible trace elements abundances in clinopyroxene are consistent with crystallization from these unusual basaltic compositions. Contrasts with other clinopyroxenite bodies in the Phalaborwa Complex and the Bushveld Complex are documented in terms of rock associations and mineral compositions (both major and trace elements).</p&gt

Spatial distribution of metal(Ioid)s in groundwater of a mining dominated area : recognising metal(Ioid) sources and assessing carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic human health risk

The study represents the first systematic risk assessment study in East Singhbhum district, Jharkhand, India for the safety of groundwater for drinking purpose with respect to metal(loid)s. The district is known for its mining and related activities. The results demonstrated that concentrations of the metal(loid)s showed significant spatial variation with Al, Mn, Fe, Ni and Zn exceeding the drinking water standards. Principal component analysis resulted in extraction of four factors explaining 76.3% of the data variability. The extracted principal components pointed towards both geogenic and anthropogenic activities governing the groundwater quality. Risk assessment was quantified by the hazard quotient (HQ) and cancer risk for both adult and child. The risk on human health posed by the metal(loid)s was found to be adverse for Mn with HQ > 1 for child. The chronic risks to the local population were largely contributed by Mn, Co and As. However, the carcinogenic risk for As was within the acceptable cancer risk value of 1 × 10−4. Considering the geometric mean of the metal(loid)s in the study area, the hazard index (HI) for adult was above unity. Considering all the locations, the HI varied from 0.23 to 13.03 and 0.20 to 11.15 for adult and child, respectively, suggesting that the groundwater is unsuitable for drinking without treatment at most of the locations