The Feasibility of Enhancing Red Sea Urchin, Strongylocentrotus iranciscanus, Stocks in California: An Analysis of the Options

The California fishery for red sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus, has undergone explosive growth in recent years and is approaching full exploitation. Thus, there is considerable interest in enhancing stocks to maintain a high rate of landings. Fishable stocks of red sea urchins in different areas appear to be limited at three stages in their life history: By the availability of larvae, by the survival of newly settled to mid-sized animals, and by the food available to support growth and reproduction of larger animals. Here I review other efforts, notably the extensive Japanese work, to enhance fishable stocks of benthic marine invertebrates, and consider the potential options for red sea urchins at different points of limitation. These include collecting or culturing seed for outplanting, physical habitat improvement measures, improving the food supply, and conservation measures to protect existing stocks until alternate methods are proven and in place. The options are compared in terms of biological feasibility, capital and labor requirements, and potential implications for change in the structure of the fishing industry

Marktzugang im Schienenpersonennahverkehr - eine politökonomische Analyse

Seit fast zehn Jahren können die Länder nach dem Gesetz zur Regionalisierung des öffentlichen Personennahverkehrs Leistungen des Schienenpersonennahverkehrs im Wettbewerb vergeben. Obwohl durch öffentliche Ausschreibungen deutliche Effizienz gewinne zu erwarten sind, wenden die Länder dieses Instrument erstaunlicherweise selten an. Welche Rolle spielt hierbei die Deutsche Bahn AG? Lastet die Hoffnung auf mehr wirtschaftspolitische Vernunft ein weiteres Mal auf Brüssel? --

Alcohol and aging: A longitudinal study of alcohol habits and health effects due to alcohol consumption in old adulthood

Alcohol use is a leading risk factor for injuries, mortality and the burden of disease. Alcohol consumption among older adults varies considerably, depending on factors such as age, social class, education, ethnicity, time period and geographical setting. Furthermore, the health effects associated with alcohol consumption in old age are an under researched area. The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate trends in alcohol consumption among older adults (60 years or older) from the same geographical setting across 25 years, and any health effects due to alcohol consumption. Participants aged 60–99 when attending the Norwegian population-based Tromsø Study were followed for up to 25 years. The overall abstinence rate decreased considerably between 1994 and 2016, from 31 % to 11 %. The probability of reporting frequent drinking increased more among women compared to men (6-8-fold increase compared to 3-4-fold increase). The overall prevalence of at-risk drinking was equal in women and men in 2016; 44 % and 46 %, respectively. At-risk drinking was associated with very good health, living with a spouse or partner, and having adequate social support in women, while it was associated with the use of sleeping pills in men. We found that women, but not men, who consumed ≥ 100 g / week had better self-rated health than those who consumed < 100 g / week (OR 1.85, 95 % CI 1.46-2.34). Our findings indicate that women’s drinking patterns are approaching those of men. So far there is no definite evidence of increased mortality in the heaviest drinkers, as their balanced risk factors appear to be beneficial. Nevertheless, we conclude that our findings imply that a change in governmental strategies and alcohol policy to influence alcohol consumption among older adults should be considered

Coastal climate reflected in carbon-13/carbon-12 ratio of organic carbon in varved sediment from Santa Barbara basin

A 1844-1987 time-series of carbon stable isotope ratios from dated sedimentary total organic carbon from the center of the Santa Barbara basin is compared with historical climate and oceanographic records. Carbon derived from carbon-13-depleted phytoplankton and carbon-13-enriched kelp appear responsible for a large part of the isotopic variance in sedimentary total organic carbon. El Niño/Southern Oscillation events are recorded by the isotopic response of marine organic carbon in sediments

Property and Empire: The Law of Imperialism in Johnson v. M’Intosh

Chief Justice\u27s Marshall\u27s opinion in Johnson v. M\u27Intosh, 21 U.S. (8 Wheat.)543 (1823) has long been a puzzle, both in its doctrinal structure and in long, strange dicta which are both triumphal and elegiac. In this Essay, I show that the opinion becomes newly intelligible when read in the context of the law and theory of colonialism, concerned, like the case itself, with the expropriation of continents and relations between dominant and subject peoples. I examine several instances where the seeming incoherence of the opinion instead shows its debt to imperial jurisprudence, which rested on a distinction between two bodies of law: one governing relations between civilized nations, the other relations between civilized governments and the imperfect sovereigns of other nations. I then show how Marshall\u27s long dicta reflect the then-prevalent view of the hsitorical progress of societies from hunter-gatherer to commercial orders, with each stage corresponding to a particular set of property institutions.This historical theory lent intelligibility to the legal distinctions between civilized and lesser or imperfect sovereigns by claiming that the latter occupied earlier stages of development and that civilized nations were legally permitted to overrride the property institutions of primitive societies in order to induce progress. The dicta, then, provide the frame for the reasoning of this case, just as the theory of historical progress framed the jurisprudence of colonialisn in general