A set of Eurocode 8-compatible synthetic time-series as input to dynamic analysis

International audienceNon-linear dynamic analysis of existing or planned structures often requires the use of accelerograms that match a target design spectrum. Here, our main concern is to generate a set of motions with a good level of fit to the Eurocode 8 (EC8) design spectra for France. Synthetic time series are generated by means of a non-stationary stochastic method. To calibrate the distributions of various strong-motion parameters, we first select a reference set of accelerograms for a type B site category from the PEER Ground-Motion Database, which are then adjusted to the target spectrum through wavelet addition. Finally, we analyse non-linear seismic responses of a soil column including pore pressure effects and ductile structures using these records, revealing considerable variability despite the similarities in terms of spectral acceleration

Simulating Air Trafic Control Ground Operations:Preliminary Results from Project Modern Taxiing

Automated technology is one of many solution that can help meet the growing air traffic demand at busy airports by assisting air traffic controller officers maintain efficient and safe operations. In particular, ground air traffic controllers can benefit from the services of an automated decision support system that can provide taxiing path suggestion and conflict detection. Fuel consumption can be minimized with the use of automated aids such as path suggestion for the most fuel-optimal trajectory, robotic taxiing tractors, or electric taxiing systems. Project MoTa - Modern Taxiing promises these capabilities and assists in the transition from current technology by developing a human-centered user platform. Nevertheless, developing such a system requires a simulated air traffic control environment, both for testing new concepts and for validation. To this end, we have built an environment and begun evaluating taxiing performance for the ground operations in the south end of Paris Charles de Gaulle airport. Results from the initial sessions indicate the modeled scenarios are representative and solutions have been found to account for the experience gap with ATCO participants not from Charles de Gaulle. This paper presents these results and discusses the solutions for the modeling and simulation challenges encountered during the development process

Initial Assessment of the Impact of Modern Taxiing Techniques on Airport Ground Control

Project Modern Taxiing (MoTa) studies the impact of future taxiing technologies such as Datalink and autonomous taxiing tugs on airport taxiing operations and air traffic controller workload. Seven air traffic controllers were asked to manage ground traffic in two scenarios that imposed medium and high levels of workload with three different degrees of automated technology assistance: paper strips; Datalink and path suggestion; Datalink, path suggestion, and tugs. Initial results indicate that participants were able to manage more traffic when using either just the interface or interface and tugs, but the inclusion of tugs also resulted in an increase in self-reported workload. Participants were divided on technology acceptance with no one rejecting completely the new technology

Flavour compounds in tomato fruits: identification of loci and potential pathways affecting volatile composition

The unique flavour of a tomato fruit is the sum of a complex interaction among sugars, acids, and a large set of volatile compounds. While it is generally acknowledged that the flavour of commercially produced tomatoes is inferior, the biochemical and genetic complexity of the trait has made breeding for improved flavour extremely difficult. The volatiles, in particular, present a major challenge for flavour improvement, being generated from a diverse set of lipid, amino acid, and carotenoid precursors. Very few genes controlling their biosynthesis have been identified. New quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that affect the volatile emissions of red-ripe fruits are described here. A population of introgression lines derived from a cross between the cultivated tomato Solanum lycopersicum and its wild relative, S. habrochaites, was characterized over multiple seasons and locations. A total of 30 QTLs affecting the emission of one or more volatiles were mapped. The data from this mapping project, combined with previously collected data on an IL population derived from a cross between S. lycopersicum and S. pennellii populations, were used to construct a correlational database. A metabolite tree derived from these data provides new insights into the pathways for the synthesis of several of these volatiles. One QTL is a novel locus affecting fruit carotenoid content on chromosome 2. Volatile emissions from this and other lines indicate that the linear and cyclic apocarotenoid volatiles are probably derived from separate carotenoid pools

The expanded tomato fruit volatile landscape

[EN] The present review aims to synthesize our present knowledge about the mechanisms implied in the biosynthesis of volatile compounds in the ripe tomato fruit, which have a key role in tomato flavour. The difficulties in identifiying not only genes or genomic regions but also individual target compounds for plant breeding are addressed. Ample variability in the levels of almost any volatile compound exists, not only in the populations derived from interspecific crosses but also in heirloom varieties and even in commercial hybrids. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for all tomato aroma volatiles have been identified in collections derived from both intraspecific and interspecific crosses with different wild tomato species and they (i) fail to co-localize with structural genes in the volatile biosynthetic pathways and (ii) reveal very little coincidence in the genomic regions characterized, indicating that there is ample opportunity to reinforce the levels of the volatiles of interest. 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Rapid response to the M_w 4.9 earthquake of November 11, 2019 in Le Teil, Lower Rhône Valley, France

On November 11, 2019, a Mw 4.9 earthquake hit the region close to Montelimar (lower Rhône Valley, France), on the eastern margin of the Massif Central close to the external part of the Alps. Occuring in a moderate seismicity area, this earthquake is remarkable for its very shallow focal depth (between 1 and 3 km), its magnitude, and the moderate to large damages it produced in several villages. InSAR interferograms indicated a shallow rupture about 4 km long reaching the surface and the reactivation of the ancient NE-SW La Rouviere normal fault in reverse faulting in agreement with the present-day E-W compressional tectonics. The peculiarity of this earthquake together with a poor coverage of the epicentral region by permanent seismological and geodetic stations triggered the mobilisation of the French post-seismic unit and the broad French scientific community from various institutions, with the deployment of geophysical instruments (seismological and geodesic stations), geological field surveys, and field evaluation of the intensity of the earthquake. Within 7 days after the mainshock, 47 seismological stations were deployed in the epicentral area to improve the Le Teil aftershocks locations relative to the French permanent seismological network (RESIF), monitor the temporal and spatial evolution of microearthquakes close to the fault plane and temporal evolution of the seismic response of 3 damaged historical buildings, and to study suspected site effects and their influence in the distribution of seismic damage. This seismological dataset, completed by data owned by different institutions, was integrated in a homogeneous archive and distributed through FDSN web services by the RESIF data center. This dataset, together with observations of surface rupture evidences, geologic, geodetic and satellite data, will help to unravel the causes and rupture mechanism of this earthquake, and contribute to account in seismic hazard assessment for earthquakes along the major regional Cévenne fault system in a context of present-day compressional tectonics

Simulation aveugle large bande du mouvement sismique

The prediction of realistic ground motion produced by a hypothetical future earthquake is a fundamental stage in anticipating potential damage. This thesis proposes two new approaches, based on the empirical Green's function (EGF) technique, to perform ground motion simulations in a complex media, in a wide frequency range and from a realistic rupture process. The first method uses a simple source description (crack model). The second one accounts for the source complexity with a k-2 source model. In order to estimate the low-frequency ground motion, the EGFs, which have a bad signal to noise ratio below 1 Hz, are replaced with 3D spectral element simulations.The main issue to simulate a future earthquake is the a priori choice of the source parameters (stress drop, position of the rupture nucleation...), often poorly constrained. This choice controls the median and the variability of the ground motion. Two approaches are investigated. First, source parameter distributions are directly assessed from kinematic source inversion results. In order to ensure that the predicted ground motion levels are realistic, we propose a new approach, the principle of which is to calibrate EGF ground motion predictions at a reference rock station by means of empirical ground motion equations. The different procedures are used to calculate the effects of M 5.5 earthquake at 15 km in the Grenoble sedimentary basin. The comparison with EC8 regulations shows that regulation spectra are exceeded at some points within the basin, at 0.3 Hz and around 2 Hz.Prédire les mouvements du sol "en aveugle", c'est-à-dire générés par un séisme futur, est essentiel pour anticiper les dommages causés aux bâtiments. Cette thèse propose deux nouvelles approches, fondées sur la technique des fonctions de Green empiriques (FGE), pour calculer le mouvement sismique dans un milieu complexe, sur une large gamme de fréquences, et à partir d'un processus de rupture sur la faille réaliste. La première méthode utilise une représentation simple de la source (modèle de "crack"). Dans la seconde, la rupture est décrite par un modèle cinématique complexe en "k-2". De plus, afin de calculer le mouvement sismique basse fréquence, les FGE bruitées en dessous de 1 Hz sont remplacées par des simulations numériques par éléments spectraux 3D.La difficulté principale pour simuler "en aveugle" est le choix des paramètres de la source (chute de contrainte, point de nucléation,...), mal contraints, et qu'il faudra pourtant estimer a priori. Ce choix contrôle le niveau médian et la variabilité du mouvement sismique. La première solution testée consiste à déterminer directement les lois de distribution de ces paramètres à partir des résultats issus de l'inversion cinématique. Afin de garantir que les niveaux simulés sont réalistes, nous proposons dans un second temps de calibrer les simulations par FGE en un site de référence au rocher en utilisant un modèle de prédiction empirique.Les différentes méthodes sont appliquées pour simuler dans le bassin grenoblois un séisme de magnitude 5.5 à 15 km. La comparaison aux normes EC8 montre que les spectres réglementaires sont dépassés en certains points du bassin sédimentaire, à 0.3 Hz et autour de 0.2 Hz