Metabolomics Identifies multiple candidate biomarkers to diagnose and stage human African trypanosomiasis

Treatment for human African trypanosomiasis is dependent on the species of trypanosome causing the disease and the stage of the disease (stage 1 defined by parasites being present in blood and lymphatics whilst for stage 2, parasites are found beyond the blood-brain barrier in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)). Currently, staging relies upon detecting the very low number of parasites or elevated white blood cell numbers in CSF. Improved staging is desirable, as is the elimination of the need for lumbar puncture. Here we use metabolomics to probe samples of CSF, plasma and urine from 40 Angolan patients infected with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, at different disease stages. Urine samples provided no robust markers indicative of infection or stage of infection due to inherent variability in urine concentrations. Biomarkers in CSF were able to distinguish patients at stage 1 or advanced stage 2 with absolute specificity. Eleven metabolites clearly distinguished the stage in most patients and two of these (neopterin and 5-hydroxytryptophan) showed 100% specificity and sensitivity between our stage 1 and advanced stage 2 samples. Neopterin is an inflammatory biomarker previously shown in CSF of stage 2 but not stage 1 patients. 5-hydroxytryptophan is an important metabolite in the serotonin synthetic pathway, the key pathway in determining somnolence, thus offering a possible link to the eponymous symptoms of “sleeping sickness”. Plasma also yielded several biomarkers clearly indicative of the presence (87% sensitivity and 95% specificity) and stage of disease (92% sensitivity and 81% specificity). A logistic regression model including these metabolites showed clear separation of patients being either at stage 1 or advanced stage 2 or indeed diseased (both stages) versus control

Variation in metabolic coverage of each biofluid.

<p>The percentage shows the number of metabolites detected in each metabolic class (based on matches to the IDEOM database) as a percentage of the total number of metabolites detected in all three groups. Unannotated peaks: masses with no IDEOM database match, no annotated pathway: metabolites that did not match databases for known metabolic pathways. Medium components are those that are commonly found in trypanosome growth medium.</p

Patients can be classified into stage 1 and advanced stage 2 groups using eleven biomarkers in CSF.

<p>O-acetylcarnitine and tryptophan match to authentic standards. Some masses did not match to metabolites in the IDEOM [<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005140#pntd.0005140.ref032" target="_blank">32</a>] database and are identified by the mass only. Red shading indicates peak area intensities above/below the cut-off for advanced stage 2 disease. More information on the cut-offs are shown in <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005140#pntd.0005140.s007" target="_blank">S4 Table</a>.</p

Metabolite differences in plasma are small, but significant.

<p>(A) Principal components analysis. (B) Extracted peaks for m/z 133 (ornithine) and m/z 216 (aminododecanoic acid). Stage 1: green, advanced stage 2: blue. (C) Histograms for m/z 133 and m/z 216 (relative intensities measure peak areas). ** indicates a p-value of <0.001 in a Students’ t-test. (D) ROC curve for m/z 133 and m/z 216 showing the 95% confidence intervals.</p

Current diagnosis of HAT.

<p>CATT: card agglutination test for trypanosomiasis. CSF: cerebrospinal fluid. RDT: Rapid Diagnostic Test.</p

Separation between the metabolite patterns of stage 1 and advanced stage 2 CSF samples.

<p>(A) Principal components analysis plot. (B) Histograms for metabolites showing significant differences between control (C), stage 1 (S1) and advanced stage 2 (S2) infected patients. * indicates p<0.05 compared to stage 1, ** indicates p<0.001 compared to stage 1 in a Students t-test. Bars show standard error of the mean. Relative intensities measure peak areas.</p

Characteristics of the studied subjects

<p>Characteristics of the studied subjects</p

Sleep-inducing metabolites linoleamide and oleamide were increased in both stage 1 and advanced stage 2 patients.

<p>Bars show the mean and the standard error of the mean. Metabolite annotations are by mass only. Relative intensities measure peak areas. * indicates p<0.05 compared to control, ** indicates p<0.001 compared to control in a Student t-test.</p

Změna základního tónu řeči a transformace hlasu pomocí PSOLA

In the paper a voice transformation approach based on the application of the Pitch Synchronous OverLap and Add /PSOLA/ principle and resampling is proposed. This algorithm has lower computational demands than frequency domain methods