Hybrid chiral condensate in the external magnetic field

We study the phase diagram of the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model in the external magnetic field within the mean-field approximation, taking into account the inhomogeneous chiral condensate. It is shown that there appears a new type of the chiral condensate, endowed with two features of real kink crystal and dual chiral density wave, in the magnetic field. We also show that there are first order phase transitions between different inhomogeneous phases in the presence of magnetic field.Comment: 14 pages, 24 figure

Novel Lifshitz point for chiral transition in the magnetic field

Based on the generalized Ginzburg-Landau theory, chiral phase transition is discussed in the presence of magnetic field. Considering the chiral density wave we show chiral anomaly gives rise to an inhomogeneous chiral phase for nonzero quark-number chemical potential. Novel Lifshitz point appears on the vanishing chemical potential line, which may be directly explored by the lattice QCD simulation.Comment: 4pages,2figure

Quantum mechanics based force field for carbon (QMFF-Cx) validated to reproduce the mechanical and thermodynamics properties of graphite

As assemblies of graphene sheets, carbon nanotubes, and fullerenes become components of new nanotechnologies, it is important to be able to predict the structures and properties of these systems. A problem has been that the level of quantum mechanics practical for such systems (density functional theory at the PBE level) cannot describe the London dispersion forces responsible for interaction of the graphene planes (thus graphite falls apart into graphene sheets). To provide a basis for describing these London interactions, we derive the quantum mechanics based force field for carbon (QMFF-Cx) by fitting to results from density functional theory calculations at the M06-2X level, which demonstrates accuracies for a broad class of molecules at short and medium range intermolecular distances. We carried out calculations on the dehydrogenated coronene (C24) dimer, emphasizing two geometries: parallel-displaced X (close to the observed structure in graphite crystal) and PD-Y (the lowest energy transition state for sliding graphene sheets with respect to each other). A third, eclipsed geometry is calculated to be much higher in energy. The QMFF-Cx force field leads to accurate predictions of available experimental mechanical and thermodynamics data of graphite (lattice vibrations, elastic constants, Poisson ratios, lattice modes, phonon dispersion curves, specific heat, and thermal expansion). This validates the use of M06-2X as a practical method for development of new first principles based generations of QMFF force fields

A new method of evaluating the side wall interference effect on airfoil angle of attack by suction from the side walls

A quantitative evaluation method of the suction effect from a suction plate on side walls is explained. It is found from wind tunnel tests that the wall interference is basically described by the summation form of wall interferences in the case of two dimensional flow and the interference of side walls

The impact of betel quid chewing during pregnancy on pregnancy outcomes in Bhutan

Betel (areca) nut is the fourth most widely used psychoactive substance globally, accounting for 10-20% of the world’s population. Its most basic form is betel ‘quid’ which consists of betel leaf, betel nut (the main psychoactive ingredient) and slaked lime. Evidence that betel quid and betel nut alone are associated with oral cancer has been established. Background: While there is a substantial body of evidence on the impact of health-risk behaviours including smoking and drinking alcohol on adverse pregnancy outcomes, studies on the impact of betel quid chewing on pregnancy outcomes are sparse and heterogeneous. Although several studies report the negative impact of betel quid chewing on pregnancy outcomes, the evidence is inconclusive. One of the challenges in understanding the impact of betel quid is to distinguish the impact of betel quid chewing from the impact of smoking. Bhutan, where low prevalence of smoking and high prevalence of betel-quid chewing are reported, provides a natural experimental environment for taking a close look at the impact of betel quid chewing alone. As a part of the global agenda to address preterm births (PTB) as a public health priority and in order to provide evidence to inform efforts to reduce neonatal morbidity and mortality in Bhutan, this study explores the impact of betel quid chewing on birth outcomes and its importance in relation to other risk factors. Methods: This study used a multi-centre case-control design. A case was defined as a mother of a singleton live born infant whose gestational age is less than 37 completed weeks and/or an infant whose birth weight is less than 2500 g. A control was defined as a mother of singleton live born term babies whose birth weight was more than 2500g and gestational age was greater than 37 weeks. Information was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire from February 2015 to the beginning of March 2016 at the three referral hospitals in Bhutan. Study participants were recruited by a trained interviewer during their post-delivery stay before discharge from each hospital. A statistical approach and a causal directed acyclic graph (DAG) approach were used for building logistic regression models. Results: Of the 669 study participants, 55% of the case mothers and 52% of the control mothers chewed betel quid during pregnancy. About 22% of cases and 22% of controls used commercial betel products during pregnancy. In total, 60% of the case mothers and 57% of the control mothers chewed either betel quid or packaged betel products during pregnancy. Neither the statistical approach nor DAG approach provided clear evidence of an association between betel quid use and low birth weight (LBW) or PTB. The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of term LBW was 1.07 (95% CI: 8 0.54-2.13, p=0.845) in the statistical approach while the aOR of term LBW was 1.30 (95% CI: 0.74-2.27, p=0.439) in the DAG approach. Using the DAG approach, the aOR of PTB in association with betel quid chewing during pregnancy was 1.20 (95% CI: 0.72-2.00, p=0.614). When the total number of betel nuts consumed during the last three months of pregnancy was used as an exposure variable, the aOR for mothers who consumed more than one nut per day was 1.39 for term LBW (95%:0.52-3.68, p=0.514) and the aOR of PTB was 0.66 (95% CI: 0.27-1.66, p=0.383) compared to non-chewers. For a secondary outcome, the data suggest betel quid chewing is associated with increased odds of anaemia (aOR 2.09, 95% CI 1.27-3.43, p=0.004). Using the DAG approach, tobacco and alcohol use during pregnancy, low gestational weight gain, and urinary tract infection showed a clear association with term LBW and PTB. Conclusion: In the present study, the results provide no clear evidence of an association between term LBW or PTB and betel quid chewing during pregnancy. For a secondary outcome, the data suggest betel quid chewing is associated with increased odds of anaemia. The present study provides rich baseline data for mothers and established a cohort of cases and controls, which could be followed up to understand the short- and long-term effects of LBW and PTB and may help design effective interventions

Ammonia Absorption from the Intestine in Chickens Fed Low and High Protein Diets

In order to examine ammonia absorption from the intestine in chickens fed 5 and 20% protein diets, two ml of 2 mM ammonium acetate solution was introduced into 10 cm chicken intestinal sack having Meckel's diverticulum in the middle part. 1) After the introduction in both dietary groups blood ammonia concentration in the mesenteric vein draining the sack reached a maximal increase within 5 minutes and returned to the initial level in 30 minutes. The difference in ammonia concentration between cardiac and mesenteric venous blood also showed a similar time course change to mesenteric venous blood ammonia concentration in both dietary groups. 2) 97 and 93%of the ammonia introduced into the intestinal lumen disappeared in 30 minutes in the chickens fed 5 and 20% protein diets respectively.Article信州大学農学部紀要 20(2): 167-172(1983)departmental bulletin pape