Arbitrariedad y misericordia en la Inquisición : cuando el profeta es un iluso ignorante. Thomé García (Toledo, 1671)

A través del proceso de fe de Thomé García, instruido por la Inquisición de Toledo en 1671, intentamos acercarnos a la realidad procesal de los profetas y visionarios que fueron considerados ilusos e ignorantes. Nos preguntamos si los inquisidores al ser conscientes de su situación de desamparo, escasa formación y/o escasa capacidad intelectual entendieron que, pese a todo, no eran unos personajes peligrosos y, por tanto, queremos analizar cómo fueron tratados por la Inquisición. Es difícil valorar las conductas dentro del marco jurídico que regía la actividad inquisitorial, pero no es menos cierto que los inquisidores tenían una amplia potestad que les permitía usar arbitrariamente su autoridad en la imposición de las penas. Así, proponemos una reflexión en torno a la conmiseración y la benevolencia en el oficio del inquisidor en el mundo profético y visionario de la España moderna.Through the process of faith of Thomé García, inquired by the Inquisition of Toledo in 1671, we try to approach to the procedural reality of the prophets and the visionaries who were considered simpleton and ignorant. We wonder if the inquisitors were aware of their situation of helplessness, lack of training and/or poor intellectual capacity understood that, despite everything, they were not dangerous people. Therefore, we want to analyse how the Inquisition treated them. It is difficult to appreciate the behaviours within the legal framework that governed the inquisitorial activity, but it is no less true that the inquisitors had a broad power that allowed them to use arbitrarily their authority in the imposition of penalties. Therefore, we suggest a reflection about the commiseration and benevolence in the job of the inquisitor in the prophetic and visionary world of modern Spain

La enseñanza de la lengua extranjera (inglés) a través del Aprendizaje Cooperativo en la etapa de Educación Primaria

El presente Trabajo Fin de Grado muestra un estudio acerca del Aprendizaje Cooperativo en la etapa de Educación Primaria, concretamente, en el aula de lengua extrajera (inglés). Para ello, se presenta una fundamentación teórica que servirá como referencia y apoyo principal para la elaboración de una Propuesta didáctica personal basada en la metodología del Aprendizaje Cooperativo. La propuesta irá destinada al alumnado de cuarto curso de educación Primaria, y uno de los principales objetivos será desarrollar en los estudiantes la competencia en comunicación lingüística en contextos propios de la vida cotidiana.Grado en Educación Primari

A educação dos alumnos nas escolas hospitalares. Uma visão da filosofia, economia e tecnologia

Introduction. Hospital schools are an educational environment characterized by the high heterogeneity of their students, encompassing different ages, illnesses, and previous educational repertoires. Pedagogical practices within these schools manifest through dialectical and negotiation processes, occurring in relative times and spaces. Purpose. This study aims to analyze certain tensions that occur in the educational process of students attending hospital schools. Three key factors of the process are part of this analysis. Discussion. Philosophical, economic, and technological aspects intertwine, shaping the current educational landscape within hospital schools. From a philosophical perspective, time and space in hospital schools are presented as dimensions that facilitate the introduction of non-conventional educational approaches, challenging the traditional one. On the economic side, the problematic issue of financing these schools arises due to their particular implementation. Finally, technology emerges as a crucial factor in ensuring the continuity of the educational process for children and young people affected by illness. Conclusion. The three examined factors illustrate how the modifications developed in the context of hospital schools could provide valuable guidance to the mainstream education system. The outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic has highlighted the imperative need for adaptable and effective mechanisms capable of sustaining the continuity of educational processes for all students. We are invited to learn from out-of-the-ordinary approaches to enrich and strengthen our education system as a whole.Introducción. Las escuelas hospitalarias son un contexto educativo que se caracteriza por la alta heterogeneidad de sus estudiantes (distintas edades, distintas enfermedades y distintos repertorios educativos previos), y por prácticas pedagógicas que se materializan a través de procesos dialécticos y de negociación, en tiempos y espacios relativos. Propósito. Analizar ciertas tensiones que se producen en el proceso educativo de estudiantes que se educan en escuelas hospitalarias. Tres factores claves del proceso son parte de este análisis. Discusión. Se entrelazan aspectos filosóficos, económicos y tecnológicos que moldean el panorama educativo actual de las escuelas en el hospital. Desde una perspectiva filosófica, el tiempo y el espacio en las escuelas hospitalarias se presentan como dimensiones que posibilitan la introducción de enfoques educativos no convencionales, desafiando lo tradicional. En lo económico, surge la cuestión problemática de la financiación de estas escuelas, debido a su implementación particular. Por último, lo tecnológico emerge como un factor crucial en asegurar la continuidad del proceso educativo para niños, niñas y jóvenes aquejados por enfermedades. Conclusión. Los tres factores examinados ilustran cómo las modificaciones desarrolladas en el contexto de las escuelas hospitalarias podrían ofrecer pautas valiosas al sistema educativo convencional. La irrupción de la pandemia de Covid-19 ha resaltado la imperiosa necesidad de contar con mecanismos adaptables y eficaces, capaces de sostener la continuidad de los procesos educativos de todos los grupos de estudiantes. Se invita a aprender de enfoques fuera de lo habitual para enriquecer y fortalecer nuestro sistema educativo en su totalidad.Introdução. As escolas hospitalares são um contexto educativo caracterizado pela elevada heterogeneidade dos seus alunos (diferentes idades, diferentes doenças e diferentes repertórios educativos anteriores) e por práticas pedagógicas que se materializam através de processos dialéticos e de negociação, em tempos e espaços relativos. Objetivo. Analisar certas tensões que ocorrem no processo educativo dos estudantes que são educados nas escolas hospitalares. Três fatores-chave do processo fazem parte desta análise. Discussão. Os aspectos filosóficos, económicos e tecnológicos estão interligados e moldam o atual panorama educativo das escolas no hospital. De uma perspectiva filosófica, o tempo e o espaço nas escolas hospitalares são apresentados como dimensões que permitem introduzir abordagens educativas não convencionais, desafiando o tradicional. Do ponto de vista económico, surge a problemática do financiamento destas escolas devido à sua particular implementação. Por fim, a tecnologia surge como um fator crucial para garantir a continuidade do processo educativo das crianças e jovens afetados pela doença. Conclusão. Os três fatores analisados ilustram como as modificações desenvolvidas no contexto das escolas hospitalares podem oferecer orientações valiosas para o sistema de ensino regular. A eclosão da pandemia de Covid-19 pôs em evidência a necessidade imperiosa de mecanismos adaptáveis e eficazes, capazes de sustentar a continuidade dos processos educativos para todos os alunos. Somos convidados a aprender com abordagens fora do comum para enriquecer e reforçar o nosso sistema educativo como um todo

Immobilization and marking of the Egyptian Mongoose, Herpestes ichneumon (L.) in Spain

Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas de España (CSIC)Comisión Asesora de Investigación Científica y Técnica de España (CAICYT

Reseña Brecht en la Ciudad de la Fruta. Una aproximación al teatro épico

Reseña sobre La Ciudad de la Fruta es una obra autobiográfica de la dramaturga chilena Leyla Selman, montada en el Teatro de la Memoria. Esta es una obra en la cual se narra la historia de abusos infantiles que Leyla sufrió en el tiempo histórico de la dictadura militar en Chil

Childhood sexual abuse, sexual behavior, and revictimization in adolescence and youth: a mini review

Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is considered as an activity aimed at providing sexual pleasure, stimulation, or sexual gratification to an adult who uses a minor for this purpose, taking advantage of the situation of superiority. CSA can have devastating consequences for the child. Previous studies have concluded that those who suffer an episode of CSA perform more risky sexual behaviors and are more likely to experience further episodes of sexual victimization during adolescence and early youth. There are two theoretical contributions that, although they offer partial views, can help to understand the association between CSA, sexual behavior, and revictimization in adulthood: the traumagenic dynamics model and the information-motivation-behavioral skills model. This short review provides an overview of the problems and theoretical explanations that have been presented up to the present, underlining the importance of prevention and sex education as of childhood, as well as the need to continue investigating in order to develop specific theoretical models that help to understand and prevent CSA and its consequences

Hierarchical Cluster Analysis Based on Clinical and Neuropsychological Symptoms Reveals Distinct Subgroups in Fibromyalgia: A Population-Based Cohort Study

Cluster analysis; Fibromyalgia; Neuropsychological symptomsAnálisis de clústers; Fibromialgia; Síntomas neuropsicológicosAnàlisi de clústers; Fibromiàlgia; Símptomes neuropsicològicsFibromyalgia (FM) is a condition characterized by musculoskeletal pain and multiple comorbidities. Our study aimed to identify four clusters of FM patients according to their core clinical symptoms and neuropsychological comorbidities to identify possible therapeutic targets in the condition. We performed a population-based cohort study on 251 adult FM patients referred to primary care according to the 2010 ACR case criteria. Patients were aggregated in clusters by a K-medians hierarchical cluster analysis based on physical and emotional symptoms and neuropsychological variables. Four different clusters were identified in the FM population. Global cluster analysis reported a four-cluster profile (cluster 1: pain, fatigue, poorer sleep quality, stiffness, anxiety/depression and disability at work; cluster 2: injustice, catastrophizing, positive affect and negative affect; cluster 3: mindfulness and acceptance; and cluster 4: surrender). The second analysis on clinical symptoms revealed three distinct subgroups (cluster 1: fatigue, poorer sleep quality, stiffness and difficulties at work; cluster 2: pain; and cluster 3: anxiety and depression). The third analysis of neuropsychological variables provided two opposed subgroups (cluster 1: those with high scores in surrender, injustice, catastrophizing and negative affect, and cluster 2: those with high scores in acceptance, positive affect and mindfulness). These empirical results support models that assume an interaction between neurobiological, psychological and social factors beyond the classical biomedical model. A detailed assessment of such risk and protective factors is critical to differentiate FM subtypes, allowing for further identification of their specific needs and designing tailored personalized therapeutic interventions.This work was partially supported by the National Institute of Health “Carlos III” in Madrid, Spain through the grant (reference number: PI09/90301)

Comparative Life Cycle Assessment Study of Green Extraction Processes to Obtain Antioxidants from Rosemary Leaves

Trabajo presentado al 10th International Symposium on Supercritical Fluids celebrado en San Francisco (US) del 13 al 16 de mayo de 2012.Rosemary is one of the most appreciated natural sources for bioactive compounds with different activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial or anticarcinogenic. Antioxidant activity has been associated to some of its components, among them, phenolic diterpenes such as carnosic acid, carnosol and rosmarinic acid. A careful selection of the extraction process together with the optimization of the extraction conditions, are of high importance to obtain rosemary extracts with high bioactivity. Among the different extraction processes, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) have demonstrated to be the most selective and environmental friendly techniques. However, extracts obtained by these processes usually require a drying step (freeze or hot drying step) which is both energy and time consuming. In this work, a new process combining PHWE and powder formation on-line (water extraction and particle formation on-line process, WEPO®) has been developed to obtain dry antioxidant powder from rosemary leaves in one step. In this process, parameters related to the extraction efficiency and selectivity (water flow rate and temperature) as well as parameters involving spray stability and powder formation have been considered at the same time. The obtained extracts have been evaluated in terms of their antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. Finally, in order to assess the viability and environmental impact of the new process, a comparison with other green processes used for antioxidant extraction from rosemary leaves such as SFE and PHWE (both followed by a freeze drying step) has been performed in terms of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Moreover, a sensitivity analysis of the LCA has been carried out to study the different environmental impact between the processes whether they are employed in different countries.This work was supported by AGL2008-05108-C03-01 (Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia), CSD2007-00063 FUN-CFOOD (Programa CONSOLIDER-INGENIO 2010), and S-0505/AGR/000153 (Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid) projects. C.T. acknowledges the Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning (FORMAS, 2006-1346); the Swedish Research Council (VR, 2006-4084); and the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF, 2005:0073/13, RMA08-0044). M.C-P. thanks MICINN for her “Juan de la Cierva” contract.Peer Reviewe

Natural spread of hypovirulence in Cryphonectria parasitica. A case study, Sergude - Minho – Portugal

El castaño (Castanea sativa) es una especie de gran importancia económica y social en la región del Norte de Portugal. Uno de los mayores obstáculos en el aumento de la producción de castaña está relacionada con la presencia de factores bióticos como la antigua y conocida enfermedad de la Tinta y más recientemente con el chancro que provoca elevada mortalidad en los castaños. No hay sustancias químicas capaces de bloquear el desarrollo del chancro del castaño y todos los medios de lucha cultural mostraron baja eficacia. La hipovirulencia es el medio de lucha biológica y la manera más ventajosa para parar la enfermedad en Europa. El método mostro una elevada capacidad de cura en los chancros y la recuperación completa de los castaños atacados. El mecanismo molecular de hipovirulencia está asociado a la presencia en el hongo parasítico del virus dsRNA denominado Hypovirus (CHV). En Sergude (Minho) en una parcela con todos los árboles atacados por C. parasitica se verifico en un periodo de 3 – 4 años la remisión natural de los chancros llevando a la recuperación de los árboles enfermos. Conocer los mecanismos implicados en la expresión de la hipovirulencia y los factores asociados a su dispersión natural fue el objeto de este trabajo. Se estudió la estructura poblacional de C. parasitica presente en la parcela así como la micoflora epifítica y endofítica asociada.Chestnut (Castanea sativa) is a species of great economic and social importance in the Northern region of Portugal. One of the biggest barriers to increased nut production is related to the presence of biotic factors such as the old and familiar Ink Disease and more recently the Chestnut Blight that is causing high mortality in chestnut. In the absence of chemical fungicides capable of stopping the development of the Chestnut Blight and considering the reduced effectiveness of other mitigation measures, hypovirulence is the most advantageous way to control the disease in Europe. The method showed high ability to heal the cankers and promote the complete recovery of chestnut. The molecular mechanism of hypovirulence is associated with the presence of dsRNA virus of the genus Hypovirus. In Sergude (Minho) in a chestnut grove with all trees attacked by C. parasitica in a period of 3-4 years occurred the natural remission of cankers leading to the recovery of diseased trees. Our objective was to understand the mechanisms involved in the expression of hypovirulence and factors associated with its natural dispersion . We studied the population structure of C. parasitica present in chestnut and associated epiphytic and endophytic mycoflor

Analysis Of Mismatch And Shading Effects In A Photovoltaic Array Using Different Technologies

In this paper, we analyze the performance of a photovoltaic array implemented in the Universidad Politécnica de Valencia which consists of modules of different technologies and power, connected in series, in order to quantify the energy losses due to mismatch and the effect of the shadows. To do this, the performance of the modules was measured in operation under ambient conditions with field measurement equipment (AMPROBE Solar Analyzer, Solar - 4000), which allows the extrapolation of measures to standard conditions STC. For the data validation, measures under controlled conditions were taken to some modules in the flash test laboratory of the Institute of Energy Technology ITE of Valencia in Spain. Subsequently the array curves measured were validated with a photovoltaic array model developed in MATLAB-Simulink for the same conditions and technologies. The results of this particular array are lost up to 20% of the energy supplied due to the modules mismatch. The study shows the curves and the energy loss due to shadows modules. This result opens scenarios for conceivable modifications to the PV field configurations today, chosen during the design stage and unchangeable during the operating stage; and gives greater importance to the energy loss by mismatch in the PV array