10 research outputs found

    Digital integrated circuit implementation of an identification stage for the detection of illegal hunting and logging

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    https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84945156734&partnerID=40&md5=314bbbafa852daae1ff0c96b8de9f2beResults of the VLSI implementation of an acoustic classification system's identification stage, intended for the detection of gunshots and chainsaws in a protected tropical area, are shown, with the idea of later building a surveillance wireless sensor network with similar nodes. The system performs from signal preprocessing to feature extraction, with results of the HDL description of the system tested on a FPGA against a golden reference, using real data taken from a protected rain forest area. Final classification of signals, using HMM, is in the final stages of testing. Some post-place-and-route results of the code ported to a commercial 130nm CMOS technology are also given

    Expediciones Humboldt: San Francisco, Cundinamarca

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    Este informe presenta los resultados de la caracterizaciĂłn biolĂłgica de uno de los Ășltimos grandes corredores ecolĂłgicos del territorio CAR, ubicado en el margen occidental del altiplano cundiboyacense. Este corredor, tambiĂ©n conocido como el Espcarpe, incluye ĂĄreas prioritarias para la conservaciĂłn de bosques alto andinos y pĂĄramos de la provincia de GualivĂĄ y hace parte del Corredor de ConservaciĂłn BogotĂĄ-RegiĂłn. Esperamos que esta informaciĂłn producto de la capacidad cientĂ­fica del Instituto Humboldt, sea relevante y Ăștil en las decisiones de planificaciĂłn estratĂ©gica tanto en el ordenamiento territorial de los municipios de San Francisco, Subachoque y SupatĂĄ, como para las decisiones de conservaciĂłn de la CorporaciĂłn AutĂłnoma Regional.BogotĂĄCiencias BĂĄsicas de la Biodiversida

    Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

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    Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

    Empowering Latina scientists

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    Taking the pulse of Earth's tropical forests using networks of highly distributed plots

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    Tropical forests are the most diverse and productive ecosystems on Earth. While better understanding of these forests is critical for our collective future, until quite recently efforts to measure and monitor them have been largely disconnected. Networking is essential to discover the answers to questions that transcend borders and the horizons of funding agencies. Here we show how a global community is responding to the challenges of tropical ecosystem research with diverse teams measuring forests tree-by-tree in thousands of long-term plots. We review the major scientific discoveries of this work and show how this process is changing tropical forest science. Our core approach involves linking long-term grassroots initiatives with standardized protocols and data management to generate robust scaled-up results. By connecting tropical researchers and elevating their status, our Social Research Network model recognises the key role of the data originator in scientific discovery. Conceived in 1999 with RAINFOR (South America), our permanent plot networks have been adapted to Africa (AfriTRON) and Southeast Asia (T-FORCES) and widely emulated worldwide. Now these multiple initiatives are integrated via ForestPlots.net cyber-infrastructure, linking colleagues from 54 countries across 24 plot networks. Collectively these are transforming understanding of tropical forests and their biospheric role. Together we have discovered how, where and why forest carbon and biodiversity are responding to climate change, and how they feedback on it. This long-term pan-tropical collaboration has revealed a large long-term carbon sink and its trends, as well as making clear which drivers are most important, which forest processes are affected, where they are changing, what the lags are, and the likely future responses of tropical forests as the climate continues to change. By leveraging a remarkably old technology, plot networks are sparking a very modern revolution in tropical forest science. In the future, humanity can benefit greatly by nurturing the grassroots communities now collectively capable of generating unique, long-term understanding of Earth's most precious forests. Resumen: Los bosques tropicales son los ecosistemas mĂĄs diversos y productivos del mundo y entender su funcionamiento es crĂ­tico para nuestro futuro colectivo. Sin embargo, hasta hace muy poco, los esfuerzos para medirlos y monitorearlos han estado muy desconectados. El trabajo en redes es esencial para descubrir las respuestas a preguntas que trascienden las fronteras y los plazos de las agencias de financiamiento. AquĂ­ mostramos cĂłmo una comunidad global estĂĄ respondiendo a los desafĂ­os de la investigaciĂłn en ecosistemas tropicales a travĂ©s de diversos equipos realizando mediciones ĂĄrbol por ĂĄrbol en miles de parcelas permanentes de largo plazo. Revisamos los descubrimientos mĂĄs importantes de este trabajo y discutimos cĂłmo este proceso estĂĄ cambiando la ciencia relacionada a los bosques tropicales. El enfoque central de nuestro esfuerzo implica la conexiĂłn de iniciativas locales de largo plazo con protocolos estandarizados y manejo de datos para producir resultados que se puedan trasladar a mĂșltiples escalas. Conectando investigadores tropicales, elevando su posiciĂłn y estatus, nuestro modelo de Red Social de InvestigaciĂłn reconoce el rol fundamental que tienen, para el descubrimiento cientĂ­fico, quienes generan o producen los datos. Concebida en 1999 con RAINFOR (SuramĂ©rica), nuestras redes de parcelas permanentes han sido adaptadas en África (AfriTRON) y el sureste asiĂĄtico (T-FORCES) y ampliamente replicadas en el mundo. Actualmente todas estas iniciativas estĂĄn integradas a travĂ©s de la ciber-infraestructura de ForestPlots.net, conectando colegas de 54 paĂ­ses en 24 redes diferentes de parcelas. Colectivamente, estas redes estĂĄn transformando nuestro conocimiento sobre los bosques tropicales y el rol de Ă©stos en la biĂłsfera. Juntos hemos descubierto cĂłmo, dĂłnde y porquĂ© el carbono y la biodiversidad de los bosques tropicales estĂĄ respondiendo al cambio climĂĄtico y cĂłmo se retroalimentan. Esta colaboraciĂłn pan-tropical de largo plazo ha expuesto un gran sumidero de carbono y sus tendencias, mostrando claramente cuĂĄles son los factores mĂĄs importantes, quĂ© procesos se ven afectados, dĂłnde ocurren los cambios, los tiempos de reacciĂłn y las probables respuestas futuras mientras el clima continĂșa cambiando. Apalancando lo que realmente es una tecnologĂ­a antigua, las redes de parcelas estĂĄn generando una verdadera y moderna revoluciĂłn en la ciencia tropical. En el futuro, la humanidad puede beneficiarse enormemente si se nutren y cultivan comunidades de investigadores de base, actualmente con la capacidad de generar informaciĂłn Ășnica y de largo plazo para entender los que probablemente son los bosques mĂĄs preciados de la tierra. Resumo: Florestas tropicais sĂŁo os ecossistemas mais diversos e produtivos da Terra. Embora uma boa compreensĂŁo destas florestas seja crucial para o nosso futuro coletivo, atĂ© muito recentemente os esforços de mediçÔes e monitoramento tem sido amplamente desconexos. É essencial formarmos redes para obtermos respostas que transcendam as fronteiras e horizontes das agĂȘncias financiadoras. Neste estudo nĂłs mostramos como uma comunidade global estĂĄ respondendo aos desafios da pesquisa de ecossistemas tropicais, com equipes diversas medindo florestas, ĂĄrvore por ĂĄrvore, em milhares de parcelas monitoradas a longo prazo. NĂłs revisamos as maiores descobertas cientĂ­ficas deste esforço global, e mostramos tambĂ©m como este processo vem mudando a ciĂȘncia de florestas tropicais. Nossa abordagem principal envolve unir iniciativas de base a protocolos padronizados e gerenciamento de dados a fim de gerar resultados robustos em grandes escalas. Ao conectar pesquisadores tropicais e elevar seus status, nosso modelo de Rede de Pesquisa Social reconhece o papel chave do produtor dos dados na descoberta cientĂ­fica. Concebida em 1999 com o RAINFOR (AmĂ©rica do Sul), nossa rede de parcelas permanentes foi adaptada para África (AfriTRON) e Sudeste AsiĂĄtico (T-FORCES), e tem sido extensamente reproduzida em todo o mundo. Agora estas mĂșltiplas iniciativas estĂŁo integradas atravĂ©s da infraestrutura cibernĂ©tica do ForestPlots.net, conectando colegas de 54 paĂ­ses e 24 redes de parcelas. Estas iniciativas estĂŁo transformando coletivamente o entendimento das florestas tropicais e seus papĂ©is na biosfera. Juntos nĂłs descobrimos como, onde e por que o carbono e a biodiversidade da floresta estĂŁo respondendo Ă s mudanças climĂĄticas, e seus efeitos de retroalimentação. Esta duradoura colaboração pantropical revelou um grande sumidouro de carbono persistente e suas tendĂȘncias, assim como tem evidenciado quais os fatores que influenciam essas tendĂȘncias, quais processos florestais sĂŁo mais afetados, onde eles estĂŁo mudando, seus atrasos no tempo de resposta, e as provĂĄveis respostas das florestas tropicais conforme o clima continua a mudar. Dessa forma, aproveitando uma notĂĄvel tecnologia antiga, redes de parcelas acendem as faĂ­scas de uma moderna revolução na ciĂȘncia das florestas tropicais. No futuro a humanidade pode se beneficiar incentivando estas comunidades locais que agora sĂŁo coletivamente capazes de gerar conhecimentos Ășnicos e duradouros sobre as florestas mais preciosas da Terra. RĂ©sume: Les forĂȘts tropicales sont les Ă©cosystĂšmes les plus diversifiĂ©s et les plus productifs de la planĂšte. Si une meilleure comprĂ©hension de ces forĂȘts est essentielle pour notre avenir collectif, jusqu'Ă  tout rĂ©cemment, les efforts dĂ©ployĂ©s pour les mesurer et les surveiller ont Ă©tĂ© largement dĂ©connectĂ©s. La mise en rĂ©seau est essentielle pour dĂ©couvrir les rĂ©ponses Ă  des questions qui dĂ©passent les frontiĂšres et les horizons des organismes de financement. Nous montrons ici comment une communautĂ© mondiale relĂšve les dĂ©fis de la recherche sur les Ă©cosystĂšmes tropicaux avec diverses Ă©quipes qui mesurent les forĂȘts arbre aprĂšs arbre dans de milliers de parcelles permanentes. Nous passons en revue les principales dĂ©couvertes scientifiques de ces travaux et montrons comment ce processus modifie la science des forĂȘts tropicales. Notre approche principale consiste Ă  relier les initiatives de base Ă  long terme Ă  des protocoles standardisĂ©s et une gestion de donnĂ©es afin de gĂ©nĂ©rer des rĂ©sultats solides Ă  grande Ă©chelle. En reliant les chercheurs tropicaux et en Ă©levant leur statut, notre modĂšle de rĂ©seau de recherche sociale reconnaĂźt le rĂŽle clĂ© de l'auteur des donnĂ©es dans la dĂ©couverte scientifique. Conçus en 1999 avec RAINFOR (AmĂ©rique du Sud), nos rĂ©seaux de parcelles permanentes ont Ă©tĂ© adaptĂ©s Ă  l'Afrique (AfriTRON) et Ă  l'Asie du Sud-Est (T-FORCES) et largement imitĂ©s dans le monde entier. Ces multiples initiatives sont dĂ©sormais intĂ©grĂ©es via l'infrastructure ForestPlots.net, qui relie des collĂšgues de 54 pays Ă  travers 24 rĂ©seaux de parcelles. Ensemble, elles transforment la comprĂ©hension des forĂȘts tropicales et de leur rĂŽle biosphĂ©rique. Ensemble, nous avons dĂ©couvert comment, oĂč et pourquoi le carbone forestier et la biodiversitĂ© rĂ©agissent au changement climatique, et comment ils y rĂ©agissent. Cette collaboration pan-tropicale Ă  long terme a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© un important puits de carbone Ă  long terme et ses tendances, tout en mettant en Ă©vidence les facteurs les plus importants, les processus forestiers qui sont affectĂ©s, les endroits oĂč ils changent, les dĂ©calages et les rĂ©actions futures probables des forĂȘts tropicales Ă  mesure que le climat continue de changer. En tirant parti d'une technologie remarquablement ancienne, les rĂ©seaux de parcelles dĂ©clenchent une rĂ©volution trĂšs moderne dans la science des forĂȘts tropicales. À l'avenir, l'humanitĂ© pourra grandement bĂ©nĂ©ficier du soutien des communautĂ©s de base qui sont maintenant collectivement capables de gĂ©nĂ©rer une comprĂ©hension unique et Ă  long terme des forĂȘts les plus prĂ©cieuses de la Terre. Abstrak: Hutan tropika adalah di antara ekosistem yang paling produktif dan mempunyai kepelbagaian biodiversiti yang tinggi di seluruh dunia. Walaupun pemahaman mengenai hutan tropika amat penting untuk masa depan kita, usaha-usaha untuk mengkaji dan mengawas hutah-hutan tersebut baru sekarang menjadi lebih diperhubungkan. Perangkaian adalah sangat penting untuk mencari jawapan kepada soalan-soalan yang menjangkaui sempadan dan batasan agensi pendanaan. Di sini kami menunjukkan bagaimana sebuah komuniti global bertindak balas terhadap cabaran penyelidikan ekosistem tropika melalui penglibatan pelbagai kumpulan yang mengukur hutan secara pokok demi pokok dalam beribu-ribu plot jangka panjang. Kami meninjau semula penemuan saintifik utama daripada kerja ini dan menunjukkan bagaimana proses ini sedang mengubah bidang sains hutan tropika. Teras pendekatan kami memberi tumpuan terhadap penghubungan inisiatif akar umbi jangka panjang dengan protokol standar serta pengurusan data untuk mendapatkan hasil skala besar yang kukuh. Dengan menghubungkan penyelidik-penyelidik tropika dan meningkatkan status mereka, model Rangkaian Penyelidikan Sosial kami mengiktiraf kepentingan peranan pengasas data dalam penemuan saintifik. Bermula dengan pengasasan RAINFOR (Amerika Selatan) pada tahun 1999, rangkaian-rangkaian plot kekal kami kemudian disesuaikan untuk Afrika (AfriTRON) dan Asia Tenggara (T-FORCES) dan selanjutnya telah banyak dicontohi di seluruh dunia. Kini, inisiatif-inisiatif tersebut disepadukan melalui infrastruktur siber ForestPlots.net yang menghubungkan rakan sekerja dari 54 negara di 24 buah rangkaian plot. Secara kolektif, rangkaian ini sedang mengubah pemahaman tentang hutan tropika dan peranannya dalam biosfera. Kami telah bekerjasama untuk menemukan bagaimana, di mana dan mengapa karbon serta biodiversiti hutan bertindak balas terhadap perubahan iklim dan juga bagaimana mereka saling bermaklum balas. Kolaborasi pan-tropika jangka panjang ini telah mendedahkan sebuah sinki karbon jangka panjang serta arah alirannya dan juga menjelaskan pemandu-pemandu perubahan yang terpenting, di mana dan bagaimana proses hutan terjejas, masa susul yang ada dan kemungkinan tindakbalas hutan tropika pada perubahan iklim secara berterusan di masa depan. Dengan memanfaatkan pendekatan lama, rangkaian plot sedang menyalakan revolusi yang amat moden dalam sains hutan tropika. Pada masa akan datang, manusia sejagat akan banyak mendapat manfaat jika memupuk komuniti-komuniti akar umbi yang kini berkemampuan secara kolektif menghasilkan pemahaman unik dan jangka panjang mengenai hutan-hutan yang paling berharga di dunia

    Taking the pulse of Earth's tropical forests using networks of highly distributed plots

    No full text
    Tropical forests are the most diverse and productive ecosystems on Earth. While better understanding of these forests is critical for our collective future, until quite recently efforts to measure and monitor them have been largely disconnected. Networking is essential to discover the answers to questions that transcend borders and the horizons of funding agencies. Here we show how a global community is responding to the challenges of tropical ecosystem research with diverse teams measuring forests tree-by-tree in thousands of long-term plots. We review the major scientific discoveries of this work and show how this process is changing tropical forest science. Our core approach involves linking long-term grassroots initiatives with standardized protocols and data management to generate robust scaled-up results. By connecting tropical researchers and elevating their status, our Social Research Network model recognises the key role of the data originator in scientific discovery. Conceived in 1999 with RAINFOR (South America), our permanent plot networks have been adapted to Africa (AfriTRON) and Southeast Asia (T-FORCES) and widely emulated worldwide. Now these multiple initiatives are integrated via ForestPlots.net cyber-infrastructure, linking colleagues from 54 countries across 24 plot networks. Collectively these are transforming understanding of tropical forests and their biospheric role. Together we have discovered how, where and why forest carbon and biodiversity are responding to climate change, and how they feedback on it. This long-term pan-tropical collaboration has revealed a large long-term carbon sink and its trends, as well as making clear which drivers are most important, which forest processes are affected, where they are changing, what the lags are, and the likely future responses of tropical forests as the climate continues to change. By leveraging a remarkably old technology, plot networks are sparking a very modern revolution in tropical forest science. In the future, humanity can benefit greatly by nurturing the grassroots communities now collectively capable of generating unique, long-term understanding of Earth's most precious forests. Resumen: Los bosques tropicales son los ecosistemas mĂĄs diversos y productivos del mundo y entender su funcionamiento es crĂ­tico para nuestro futuro colectivo. Sin embargo, hasta hace muy poco, los esfuerzos para medirlos y monitorearlos han estado muy desconectados. El trabajo en redes es esencial para descubrir las respuestas a preguntas que trascienden las fronteras y los plazos de las agencias de financiamiento. AquĂ­ mostramos cĂłmo una comunidad global estĂĄ respondiendo a los desafĂ­os de la investigaciĂłn en ecosistemas tropicales a travĂ©s de diversos equipos realizando mediciones ĂĄrbol por ĂĄrbol en miles de parcelas permanentes de largo plazo. Revisamos los descubrimientos mĂĄs importantes de este trabajo y discutimos cĂłmo este proceso estĂĄ cambiando la ciencia relacionada a los bosques tropicales. El enfoque central de nuestro esfuerzo implica la conexiĂłn de iniciativas locales de largo plazo con protocolos estandarizados y manejo de datos para producir resultados que se puedan trasladar a mĂșltiples escalas. Conectando investigadores tropicales, elevando su posiciĂłn y estatus, nuestro modelo de Red Social de InvestigaciĂłn reconoce el rol fundamental que tienen, para el descubrimiento cientĂ­fico, quienes generan o producen los datos. Concebida en 1999 con RAINFOR (SuramĂ©rica), nuestras redes de parcelas permanentes han sido adaptadas en África (AfriTRON) y el sureste asiĂĄtico (T-FORCES) y ampliamente replicadas en el mundo. Actualmente todas estas iniciativas estĂĄn integradas a travĂ©s de la ciber-infraestructura de ForestPlots.net, conectando colegas de 54 paĂ­ses en 24 redes diferentes de parcelas. Colectivamente, estas redes estĂĄn transformando nuestro conocimiento sobre los bosques tropicales y el rol de Ă©stos en la biĂłsfera. Juntos hemos descubierto cĂłmo, dĂłnde y porquĂ© el carbono y la biodiversidad de los bosques tropicales estĂĄ respondiendo al cambio climĂĄtico y cĂłmo se retroalimentan. Esta colaboraciĂłn pan-tropical de largo plazo ha expuesto un gran sumidero de carbono y sus tendencias, mostrando claramente cuĂĄles son los factores mĂĄs importantes, quĂ© procesos se ven afectados, dĂłnde ocurren los cambios, los tiempos de reacciĂłn y las probables respuestas futuras mientras el clima continĂșa cambiando. Apalancando lo que realmente es una tecnologĂ­a antigua, las redes de parcelas estĂĄn generando una verdadera y moderna revoluciĂłn en la ciencia tropical. En el futuro, la humanidad puede beneficiarse enormemente si se nutren y cultivan comunidades de investigadores de base, actualmente con la capacidad de generar informaciĂłn Ășnica y de largo plazo para entender los que probablemente son los bosques mĂĄs preciados de la tierra. Resumo: Florestas tropicais sĂŁo os ecossistemas mais diversos e produtivos da Terra. Embora uma boa compreensĂŁo destas florestas seja crucial para o nosso futuro coletivo, atĂ© muito recentemente os esforços de mediçÔes e monitoramento tem sido amplamente desconexos. É essencial formarmos redes para obtermos respostas que transcendam as fronteiras e horizontes das agĂȘncias financiadoras. Neste estudo nĂłs mostramos como uma comunidade global estĂĄ respondendo aos desafios da pesquisa de ecossistemas tropicais, com equipes diversas medindo florestas, ĂĄrvore por ĂĄrvore, em milhares de parcelas monitoradas a longo prazo. NĂłs revisamos as maiores descobertas cientĂ­ficas deste esforço global, e mostramos tambĂ©m como este processo vem mudando a ciĂȘncia de florestas tropicais. Nossa abordagem principal envolve unir iniciativas de base a protocolos padronizados e gerenciamento de dados a fim de gerar resultados robustos em grandes escalas. Ao conectar pesquisadores tropicais e elevar seus status, nosso modelo de Rede de Pesquisa Social reconhece o papel chave do produtor dos dados na descoberta cientĂ­fica. Concebida em 1999 com o RAINFOR (AmĂ©rica do Sul), nossa rede de parcelas permanentes foi adaptada para África (AfriTRON) e Sudeste AsiĂĄtico (T-FORCES), e tem sido extensamente reproduzida em todo o mundo. Agora estas mĂșltiplas iniciativas estĂŁo integradas atravĂ©s da infraestrutura cibernĂ©tica do ForestPlots.net, conectando colegas de 54 paĂ­ses e 24 redes de parcelas. Estas iniciativas estĂŁo transformando coletivamente o entendimento das florestas tropicais e seus papĂ©is na biosfera. Juntos nĂłs descobrimos como, onde e por que o carbono e a biodiversidade da floresta estĂŁo respondendo Ă s mudanças climĂĄticas, e seus efeitos de retroalimentação. Esta duradoura colaboração pantropical revelou um grande sumidouro de carbono persistente e suas tendĂȘncias, assim como tem evidenciado quais os fatores que influenciam essas tendĂȘncias, quais processos florestais sĂŁo mais afetados, onde eles estĂŁo mudando, seus atrasos no tempo de resposta, e as provĂĄveis respostas das florestas tropicais conforme o clima continua a mudar. Dessa forma, aproveitando uma notĂĄvel tecnologia antiga, redes de parcelas acendem as faĂ­scas de uma moderna revolução na ciĂȘncia das florestas tropicais. No futuro a humanidade pode se beneficiar incentivando estas comunidades locais que agora sĂŁo coletivamente capazes de gerar conhecimentos Ășnicos e duradouros sobre as florestas mais preciosas da Terra. RĂ©sume: Les forĂȘts tropicales sont les Ă©cosystĂšmes les plus diversifiĂ©s et les plus productifs de la planĂšte. Si une meilleure comprĂ©hension de ces forĂȘts est essentielle pour notre avenir collectif, jusqu'Ă  tout rĂ©cemment, les efforts dĂ©ployĂ©s pour les mesurer et les surveiller ont Ă©tĂ© largement dĂ©connectĂ©s. La mise en rĂ©seau est essentielle pour dĂ©couvrir les rĂ©ponses Ă  des questions qui dĂ©passent les frontiĂšres et les horizons des organismes de financement. Nous montrons ici comment une communautĂ© mondiale relĂšve les dĂ©fis de la recherche sur les Ă©cosystĂšmes tropicaux avec diverses Ă©quipes qui mesurent les forĂȘts arbre aprĂšs arbre dans de milliers de parcelles permanentes. Nous passons en revue les principales dĂ©couvertes scientifiques de ces travaux et montrons comment ce processus modifie la science des forĂȘts tropicales. Notre approche principale consiste Ă  relier les initiatives de base Ă  long terme Ă  des protocoles standardisĂ©s et une gestion de donnĂ©es afin de gĂ©nĂ©rer des rĂ©sultats solides Ă  grande Ă©chelle. En reliant les chercheurs tropicaux et en Ă©levant leur statut, notre modĂšle de rĂ©seau de recherche sociale reconnaĂźt le rĂŽle clĂ© de l'auteur des donnĂ©es dans la dĂ©couverte scientifique. Conçus en 1999 avec RAINFOR (AmĂ©rique du Sud), nos rĂ©seaux de parcelles permanentes ont Ă©tĂ© adaptĂ©s Ă  l'Afrique (AfriTRON) et Ă  l'Asie du Sud-Est (T-FORCES) et largement imitĂ©s dans le monde entier. Ces multiples initiatives sont dĂ©sormais intĂ©grĂ©es via l'infrastructure ForestPlots.net, qui relie des collĂšgues de 54 pays Ă  travers 24 rĂ©seaux de parcelles. Ensemble, elles transforment la comprĂ©hension des forĂȘts tropicales et de leur rĂŽle biosphĂ©rique. Ensemble, nous avons dĂ©couvert comment, oĂč et pourquoi le carbone forestier et la biodiversitĂ© rĂ©agissent au changement climatique, et comment ils y rĂ©agissent. Cette collaboration pan-tropicale Ă  long terme a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© un important puits de carbone Ă  long terme et ses tendances, tout en mettant en Ă©vidence les facteurs les plus importants, les processus forestiers qui sont affectĂ©s, les endroits oĂč ils changent, les dĂ©calages et les rĂ©actions futures probables des forĂȘts tropicales Ă  mesure que le climat continue de changer. En tirant parti d'une technologie remarquablement ancienne, les rĂ©seaux de parcelles dĂ©clenchent une rĂ©volution trĂšs moderne dans la science des forĂȘts tropicales. À l'avenir, l'humanitĂ© pourra grandement bĂ©nĂ©ficier du soutien des communautĂ©s de base qui sont maintenant collectivement capables de gĂ©nĂ©rer une comprĂ©hension unique et Ă  long terme des forĂȘts les plus prĂ©cieuses de la Terre. Abstrak: Hutan tropika adalah di antara ekosistem yang paling produktif dan mempunyai kepelbagaian biodiversiti yang tinggi di seluruh dunia. Walaupun pemahaman mengenai hutan tropika amat penting untuk masa depan kita, usaha-usaha untuk mengkaji dan mengawas hutah-hutan tersebut baru sekarang menjadi lebih diperhubungkan. Perangkaian adalah sangat penting untuk mencari jawapan kepada soalan-soalan yang menjangkaui sempadan dan batasan agensi pendanaan. Di sini kami menunjukkan bagaimana sebuah komuniti global bertindak balas terhadap cabaran penyelidikan ekosistem tropika melalui penglibatan pelbagai kumpulan yang mengukur hutan secara pokok demi pokok dalam beribu-ribu plot jangka panjang. Kami meninjau semula penemuan saintifik utama daripada kerja ini dan menunjukkan bagaimana proses ini sedang mengubah bidang sains hutan tropika. Teras pendekatan kami memberi tumpuan terhadap penghubungan inisiatif akar umbi jangka panjang dengan protokol standar serta pengurusan data untuk mendapatkan hasil skala besar yang kukuh. Dengan menghubungkan penyelidik-penyelidik tropika dan meningkatkan status mereka, model Rangkaian Penyelidikan Sosial kami mengiktiraf kepentingan peranan pengasas data dalam penemuan saintifik. Bermula dengan pengasasan RAINFOR (Amerika Selatan) pada tahun 1999, rangkaian-rangkaian plot kekal kami kemudian disesuaikan untuk Afrika (AfriTRON) dan Asia Tenggara (T-FORCES) dan selanjutnya telah banyak dicontohi di seluruh dunia. Kini, inisiatif-inisiatif tersebut disepadukan melalui infrastruktur siber ForestPlots.net yang menghubungkan rakan sekerja dari 54 negara di 24 buah rangkaian plot. Secara kolektif, rangkaian ini sedang mengubah pemahaman tentang hutan tropika dan peranannya dalam biosfera. Kami telah bekerjasama untuk menemukan bagaimana, di mana dan mengapa karbon serta biodiversiti hutan bertindak balas terhadap perubahan iklim dan juga bagaimana mereka saling bermaklum balas. Kolaborasi pan-tropika jangka panjang ini telah mendedahkan sebuah sinki karbon jangka panjang serta arah alirannya dan juga menjelaskan pemandu-pemandu perubahan yang terpenting, di mana dan bagaimana proses hutan terjejas, masa susul yang ada dan kemungkinan tindakbalas hutan tropika pada perubahan iklim secara berterusan di masa depan. Dengan memanfaatkan pendekatan lama, rangkaian plot sedang menyalakan revolusi yang amat moden dalam sains hutan tropika. Pada masa akan datang, manusia sejagat akan banyak mendapat manfaat jika memupuk komuniti-komuniti akar umbi yang kini berkemampuan secara kolektif menghasilkan pemahaman unik dan jangka panjang mengenai hutan-hutan yang paling berharga di dunia

    Taking the pulse of Earth\u27s tropical forests using networks of highly distributed plots

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    Tropical forests are the most diverse and productive ecosystems on Earth. While better understanding of these forests is critical for our collective future, until quite recently efforts to measure and monitor them have been largely disconnected. Networking is essential to discover the answers to questions that transcend borders and the horizons of funding agencies. Here we show how a global community is responding to the challenges of tropical ecosystem research with diverse teams measuring forests tree-by-tree in thousands of long-term plots. We review the major scientific discoveries of this work and show how this process is changing tropical forest science. Our core approach involves linking long-term grassroots initiatives with standardized protocols and data management to generate robust scaled-up results. By connecting tropical researchers and elevating their status, our Social Research Network model recognises the key role of the data originator in scientific discovery. Conceived in 1999 with RAINFOR (South America), our permanent plot networks have been adapted to Africa (AfriTRON) and Southeast Asia (T-FORCES) and widely emulated worldwide. Now these multiple initiatives are integrated via ForestPlots.net cyber-infrastructure, linking colleagues from 54 countries across 24 plot networks. Collectively these are transforming understanding of tropical forests and their biospheric role. Together we have discovered how, where and why forest carbon and biodiversity are responding to climate change, and how they feedback on it. This long-term pan-tropical collaboration has revealed a large long-term carbon sink and its trends, as well as making clear which drivers are most important, which forest processes are affected, where they are changing, what the lags are, and the likely future responses of tropical forests as the climate continues to change. By leveraging a remarkably old technology, plot networks are sparking a very modern revolution in tropical forest science. In the future, humanity can benefit greatly by nurturing the grassroots communities now collectively capable of generating unique, long-term understanding of Earth\u27s most precious forests

    International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortiu (INICC) report, data summary of 43 countries for 2007-2012. Device-associated module

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    We report the results of an International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) surveillance study from January 2007-December 2012 in 503 intensive care units (ICUs) in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe. During the 6-year study using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) U.S. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) definitions for device-associated health care–associated infection (DA-HAI), we collected prospective data from 605,310 patients hospitalized in the INICC's ICUs for an aggregate of 3,338,396 days. Although device utilization in the INICC's ICUs was similar to that reported from ICUs in the U.S. in the CDC's NHSN, rates of device-associated nosocomial infection were higher in the ICUs of the INICC hospitals: the pooled rate of central line–associated bloodstream infection in the INICC's ICUs, 4.9 per 1,000 central line days, is nearly 5-fold higher than the 0.9 per 1,000 central line days reported from comparable U.S. ICUs. The overall rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia was also higher (16.8 vs 1.1 per 1,000 ventilator days) as was the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (5.5 vs 1.3 per 1,000 catheter days). Frequencies of resistance of Pseudomonas isolates to amikacin (42.8% vs 10%) and imipenem (42.4% vs 26.1%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ceftazidime (71.2% vs 28.8%) and imipenem (19.6% vs 12.8%) were also higher in the INICC's ICUs compared with the ICUs of the CDC's NHSN

    Evaluation of a quality improvement intervention to reduce anastomotic leak following right colectomy (EAGLE): pragmatic, batched stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized trial in 64 countries

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    Background Anastomotic leak affects 8 per cent of patients after right colectomy with a 10-fold increased risk of postoperative death. The EAGLE study aimed to develop and test whether an international, standardized quality improvement intervention could reduce anastomotic leaks. Methods The internationally intended protocol, iteratively co-developed by a multistage Delphi process, comprised an online educational module introducing risk stratification, an intraoperative checklist, and harmonized surgical techniques. Clusters (hospital teams) were randomized to one of three arms with varied sequences of intervention/data collection by a derived stepped-wedge batch design (at least 18 hospital teams per batch). Patients were blinded to the study allocation. Low- and middle-income country enrolment was encouraged. The primary outcome (assessed by intention to treat) was anastomotic leak rate, and subgroup analyses by module completion (at least 80 per cent of surgeons, high engagement; less than 50 per cent, low engagement) were preplanned. Results A total 355 hospital teams registered, with 332 from 64 countries (39.2 per cent low and middle income) included in the final analysis. The online modules were completed by half of the surgeons (2143 of 4411). The primary analysis included 3039 of the 3268 patients recruited (206 patients had no anastomosis and 23 were lost to follow-up), with anastomotic leaks arising before and after the intervention in 10.1 and 9.6 per cent respectively (adjusted OR 0.87, 95 per cent c.i. 0.59 to 1.30; P = 0.498). The proportion of surgeons completing the educational modules was an influence: the leak rate decreased from 12.2 per cent (61 of 500) before intervention to 5.1 per cent (24 of 473) after intervention in high-engagement centres (adjusted OR 0.36, 0.20 to 0.64; P < 0.001), but this was not observed in low-engagement hospitals (8.3 per cent (59 of 714) and 13.8 per cent (61 of 443) respectively; adjusted OR 2.09, 1.31 to 3.31). Conclusion Completion of globally available digital training by engaged teams can alter anastomotic leak rates. Registration number: NCT04270721 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov)
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