Gestión integral de residuos sólidos

La cartilla 1 considera la evolución histórica de la generación y manejo de los residuos sólidos, haciendo una corta reseña de la forma como el hombre desde la antigüedad hasta nuestros días ha realizado el manejo de los residuos. Aquí también se referencian los marcos legales e institucionales, existentes en Colombia partiendo desde la Ley 23 de 1973 hasta el Decreto 2981 del 20 de diciembre del 2013, además se muestra la estructura institucional para el manejo de los residuos sólidos a nivel nacional. En un tercer momento académico, se definen términos como el manejo integral y sustentable de los residuos sólidos, los planes de manejo integral de residuos sólidos PMIRS y la clasificación de los residuos sólidos según su origen y tipo de manejo.El contenido de los documentos publicados en el repositorio, es de exclusiva responsabilidad de los autores y no expresa necesariamente, el pensamiento de la Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina.UNIDAD 1 Gestión de los residuos sólidos -- UNIDAD 2 Cadena de generación de residuos -- UNIDAD 3 Sistema de manejo de residuos sólidos -- UNIDAD 4 Planes de gestión integral de residuos (PGIRS) -

Efecto bioconservante del propóleo y su aplicación en la conservación de matrices cárnicas

Antecedentes: los conservantes de origen sintético, como nitratos y nitritos, empleados en la industria alimentaria para la conservación de matrices cárnicas, han reportado efectos desfavorables a largo plazo en la salud de los consumidores recurrentes. Objetivo: conocer las características fisicoquímicas y antimicrobianas del propóleo como potencial bioconservante en matrices cárnicas de alto consumo. Materiales y métodos: se desarrolló una revisión bibliográfica de literatura acorde a la pregunta problema planteada por el grupo de investigación, y se llevó a cabo una búsqueda en las bases de datos Scopus, NCBI, SciELO, ScienceDirect y Google Scholar de artículos de revisión, artículos científicos, libros y trabajos de grado. Resultados: el propóleo es un compuesto natural con una variedad amplia de elementos útiles para la conservación de matrices cárnicas, por sus propiedades antimicrobianas y antioxidantes. Conclusiones: el propóleo presenta propiedades antimicrobianas y antioxidantes útiles en el campo de la industria alimentaria, por lo que se considera una de las alternativas más viables para la conservación de productos cárnicos y la disminución del uso de conservantes sintéticos en producción cárnica. No obstante, es fundamental el desarrollo de más investigaciones que permitan evaluar el comportamiento de los compuestos activos del propóleo en las diversas matrices cárnicas

Genetic diversity of the Colombian Creole Sheep by using the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) molecular marker

El estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar genéticamente la población de Ovinos Criollos de Pelo Colombiano (OCPC) de dos zonas geográficas del país, el Piedemonte Llanero (PDML) y los Valles Interandinos del Río Magdalena (VIRM). Se tomaron muestras de músculo para la extracción de ADN mediante la metodología fenol cloroformo isoamílico. El genotipado se hizo con el OvineSNP50 BeadChip Data Sheet. Los genotipos fueron analizados con el software PLINK v.1.9 en busca de relaciones de consanguinidad y parentesco. Los análisis estadísticos de los datos se realizaron con el uso de los paquetes “genepop” y “adegenet” del software R. Los resultados mostraron una heterocigosidad esperada de 0.374 para el OCPC, mientras que fue de 0.357 para la zona de PDML y de 0.396 para la zona de VIRM. Los valores para los parámetros del coeficiente de consanguinidad (Fis y Fit) fueron positivos para la población y las subpoblaciones, demostrando la existencia de consanguinidad. El valor para el Fst fue de 0.042 entre subpoblaciones definidas como zonas geográficas (p<0.001), lo que sugiere que la población analizada corresponda a dos grupos raciales. Esto es apoyado con el análisis de componentes principales donde se evidencia una tendencia de aislamiento entre los individuos para cada zona geográfica. En conclusión, se puede afirmar que, la diversidad genética de la población de Ovino Criollo de Pelo Colombiano, comparada con otras razas ovinas a nivel mundial, es elevada.The aim of this study was to genetically characterize the population of the Colombian Creole Hair Sheep (CCHS) from two geographical areas of the country, the Piedemonte Llanero (PDML) and the Interandine Valleys of the Magdalena River (VIRM). Muscle samples were taken and DNA was extracted using the phenol chloroform isoamyl methodology. Genotyping was done with the OvineSNP50 BeadChip Data Sheet. The genotypes were analysed with the PLINK v.1.9 software for relationships of consanguinity and kinship. Statistical analyses of the data were performed using the “genepop” and “adegenet” packages of the R software. The results showed an expected heterozygosity of 0.374 for the CCHS, while it was 0.357 for the PDML area and 0.396 for the VIRM zone. The values ​​for the parameters of the consanguinity coefficient (Fis and Fit) were positive for the population and subpopulations, proving the existence of consanguinity. The value for the Fst was 0.042 among subpopulations defined as geographical areas (p<0.001), which suggests that the population analysed corresponds to two breed groups. This is supported by the analysis of principal components where there is evidence of a tendency of isolation among individuals for each geographical area. In conclusion, it is valid to say that the genetic diversity of the population of Colombian Creole Hair Sheep, compared to other sheep breeds worldwide, is high

Lifestyle and Health among Spanish University Students: Differences by Gender and Academic Discipline

Today the need to analyze health behaviour from a gender perspective is as imminent as ever, particularly at university, where the number of women who register is on the rise and has exceeded the number of male students worldwide. We carried out a prevalence study aimed at analyzing Spanish university students’ lifestyles and identify differences according to gender and academic discipline. Of 3,646 eligible subjects doing university courses related to health (Group A), education (Group B) and other professions (Group C), 985 (27.0%) participated in the study. Information was elicited about their physical activity level, disturbed eating attitudes, consumption of alcohol, tobacco and illegal substances. Prevalence and Odds Ratios (OR) were calculated according to sex and kind of academic discipline. The obtained data confirmed that only 27.4% of the students were considered as sufficiently active, while 14.9% of them suffered from disturbed eating attitudes (DEA). Women were particularly less active (OR 0.46 (0.32–0.66); <em>p</em> < 0.0001), and more sedentary than men (OR 1.40 (1.00–1.97); <em>p</em> = 0.03). Binge drinking was more frequent in female than in male students (OR 1.79 (1.29–2.47); <em>p</em> = 0.0004). A third of the analyzed sample admitted that they had used illegal substances, while a lower consumption prevalence was found in women (OR 0.53 (0.40–0.71); <em>p</em> < 0.0001). The studied population was not very active (27.4%), especially women (OR = 0.45). Therefore, it seems that Spanish university students lead an unhealthy lifestyle, a situation which seems more conspicuous amongst females

Levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Antarctic atmosphere over time (1980 to 2021) and estimation of their atmospheric half-lives

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are synthetic compounds that were intentionally produced in large quantities and have been distributed in the global environment, originating a threat due to their persistence, bioaccumulative potential, and toxicity. POPs reach the Antarctic continent through long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT). In these areas, low temperatures play a significant role in the environmental fate of POPs, retaining them for a long time due to cold trapping by diffusion and wet deposition, acting as a net sink for many POPs. However, in the current context of climate change, the remobilization of POPs that were trapped in water, ice, and soil for decades is happening. Therefore, continuous monitoring of POPs in polar air is necessary to assess whether there is a recent re-release of historical pollutants back to the environment. We reviewed the scientific literature on atmospheric levels of several POP families (polychlorinated biphenyls - PCBs, hexachlorobenzene - HCB, hexachlorocyclohexanes - HCHs, and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane - DDT) from 1980 to 2021. We estimated the atmospheric half-life using characteristic decreasing times (TD). We observed that HCB levels in the Antarctic atmosphere were higher than the other target organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), but HCB also displayed higher fluctuations and did not show a significant decrease over time. Conversely, the atmospheric levels of HCHs, some DDTs, and PCBs have decreased significantly. The estimated atmospheric half-lives for POPs decreased in the following order: 4,4' DDE (13.5 years) > 4,4' DDD (12.8 years) > 4,4' DDT (7.4 years) > 2,4' DDE (6.4 years) > 2,4' DDT (6.3 years) > α-HCH (6 years) > HCB (6 years) > 3-HCH (4.2 years). For PCB congeners, they decreased in the following order: PCB 153 (7.6 years) > PCB 138 (6.5 years) > PCB 101 (4.7 years) > PCB 180 (4.6 years) > PCB 28 (4 years) > PCB 52 (3.7 years) > PCB 118 (3.6 years). For HCH isomers and PCBs, the Stockholm Convention (SC) ban on POPs did have an impact on decreasing their levels during the last decades. Nevertheless, their ubiquity in the Antarctic atmosphere shows the problematic issues related to highly persistent synthetic chemicals.This study was funded by ANID/FONDE CYT/Iniciación 11150548, ANID/FONDECYT/Regular 1161504, ANID/FONDECYT/Regular 1210946, ANID/PCI REDI170292, ANID-PIA-INACH-ACT192057, INACH REGULAR RT_12_17 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-8103-2023 Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 8103–8118, 2023 8114 T. Luarte et al.: POP trends in the Antarctic atmosphere (Cristóbal Galbán-Malagón). Support through the PhD Grant Program and INACH DG_02_21.Peer reviewe

State of the climate in 2018

In 2018, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth’s atmosphere—carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide—continued their increase. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth’s surface was 407.4 ± 0.1 ppm, the highest in the modern instrumental record and in ice core records dating back 800 000 years. Combined, greenhouse gases and several halogenated gases contribute just over 3 W m−2 to radiative forcing and represent a nearly 43% increase since 1990. Carbon dioxide is responsible for about 65% of this radiative forcing. With a weak La Niña in early 2018 transitioning to a weak El Niño by the year’s end, the global surface (land and ocean) temperature was the fourth highest on record, with only 2015 through 2017 being warmer. Several European countries reported record high annual temperatures. There were also more high, and fewer low, temperature extremes than in nearly all of the 68-year extremes record. Madagascar recorded a record daily temperature of 40.5°C in Morondava in March, while South Korea set its record high of 41.0°C in August in Hongcheon. Nawabshah, Pakistan, recorded its highest temperature of 50.2°C, which may be a new daily world record for April. Globally, the annual lower troposphere temperature was third to seventh highest, depending on the dataset analyzed. The lower stratospheric temperature was approximately fifth lowest. The 2018 Arctic land surface temperature was 1.2°C above the 1981–2010 average, tying for third highest in the 118-year record, following 2016 and 2017. June’s Arctic snow cover extent was almost half of what it was 35 years ago. Across Greenland, however, regional summer temperatures were generally below or near average. Additionally, a satellite survey of 47 glaciers in Greenland indicated a net increase in area for the first time since records began in 1999. Increasing permafrost temperatures were reported at most observation sites in the Arctic, with the overall increase of 0.1°–0.2°C between 2017 and 2018 being comparable to the highest rate of warming ever observed in the region. On 17 March, Arctic sea ice extent marked the second smallest annual maximum in the 38-year record, larger than only 2017. The minimum extent in 2018 was reached on 19 September and again on 23 September, tying 2008 and 2010 for the sixth lowest extent on record. The 23 September date tied 1997 as the latest sea ice minimum date on record. First-year ice now dominates the ice cover, comprising 77% of the March 2018 ice pack compared to 55% during the 1980s. Because thinner, younger ice is more vulnerable to melting out in summer, this shift in sea ice age has contributed to the decreasing trend in minimum ice extent. Regionally, Bering Sea ice extent was at record lows for almost the entire 2017/18 ice season. For the Antarctic continent as a whole, 2018 was warmer than average. On the highest points of the Antarctic Plateau, the automatic weather station Relay (74°S) broke or tied six monthly temperature records throughout the year, with August breaking its record by nearly 8°C. However, cool conditions in the western Bellingshausen Sea and Amundsen Sea sector contributed to a low melt season overall for 2017/18. High SSTs contributed to low summer sea ice extent in the Ross and Weddell Seas in 2018, underpinning the second lowest Antarctic summer minimum sea ice extent on record. Despite conducive conditions for its formation, the ozone hole at its maximum extent in September was near the 2000–18 mean, likely due to an ongoing slow decline in stratospheric chlorine monoxide concentration. Across the oceans, globally averaged SST decreased slightly since the record El Niño year of 2016 but was still far above the climatological mean. On average, SST is increasing at a rate of 0.10° ± 0.01°C decade−1 since 1950. The warming appeared largest in the tropical Indian Ocean and smallest in the North Pacific. The deeper ocean continues to warm year after year. For the seventh consecutive year, global annual mean sea level became the highest in the 26-year record, rising to 81 mm above the 1993 average. As anticipated in a warming climate, the hydrological cycle over the ocean is accelerating: dry regions are becoming drier and wet regions rainier. Closer to the equator, 95 named tropical storms were observed during 2018, well above the 1981–2010 average of 82. Eleven tropical cyclones reached Saffir–Simpson scale Category 5 intensity. North Atlantic Major Hurricane Michael’s landfall intensity of 140 kt was the fourth strongest for any continental U.S. hurricane landfall in the 168-year record. Michael caused more than 30 fatalities and $25 billion (U.S. dollars) in damages. In the western North Pacific, Super Typhoon Mangkhut led to 160 fatalities and$6 billion (U.S. dollars) in damages across the Philippines, Hong Kong, Macau, mainland China, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands. Tropical Storm Son-Tinh was responsible for 170 fatalities in Vietnam and Laos. Nearly all the islands of Micronesia experienced at least moderate impacts from various tropical cyclones. Across land, many areas around the globe received copious precipitation, notable at different time scales. Rodrigues and Réunion Island near southern Africa each reported their third wettest year on record. In Hawaii, 1262 mm precipitation at Waipā Gardens (Kauai) on 14–15 April set a new U.S. record for 24-h precipitation. In Brazil, the city of Belo Horizonte received nearly 75 mm of rain in just 20 minutes, nearly half its monthly average. Globally, fire activity during 2018 was the lowest since the start of the record in 1997, with a combined burned area of about 500 million hectares. This reinforced the long-term downward trend in fire emissions driven by changes in land use in frequently burning savannas. However, wildfires burned 3.5 million hectares across the United States, well above the 2000–10 average of 2.7 million hectares. Combined, U.S. wildfire damages for the 2017 and 2018 wildfire seasons exceeded $40 billion (U.S. dollars)

Sex difference and intra-operative tidal volume: Insights from the LAS VEGAS study

BACKGROUND: One key element of lung-protective ventilation is the use of a low tidal volume (VT). A sex difference in use of low tidal volume ventilation (LTVV) has been described in critically ill ICU patients.OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine whether a sex difference in use of LTVV also exists in operating room patients, and if present what factors drive this difference.DESIGN, PATIENTS AND SETTING: This is a posthoc analysis of LAS VEGAS, a 1-week worldwide observational study in adults requiring intra-operative ventilation during general anaesthesia for surgery in 146 hospitals in 29 countries.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Women and men were compared with respect to use of LTVV, defined as VT of 8 ml kg-1 or less predicted bodyweight (PBW). A VT was deemed 'default' if the set VT was a round number. A mediation analysis assessed which factors may explain the sex difference in use of LTVV during intra-operative ventilation.RESULTS: This analysis includes 9864 patients, of whom 5425 (55%) were women. A default VT was often set, both in women and men; mode VT was 500 ml. Median [IQR] VT was higher in women than in men (8.6 [7.7 to 9.6] vs. 7.6 [6.8 to 8.4] ml kg-1 PBW, P < 0.001). Compared with men, women were twice as likely not to receive LTVV [68.8 vs. 36.0%; relative risk ratio 2.1 (95% CI 1.9 to 2.1), P < 0.001]. In the mediation analysis, patients' height and actual body weight (ABW) explained 81 and 18% of the sex difference in use of LTVV, respectively; it was not explained by the use of a default VT.CONCLUSION: In this worldwide cohort of patients receiving intra-operative ventilation during general anaesthesia for surgery, women received a higher VT than men during intra-operative ventilation. The risk for a female not to receive LTVV during surgery was double that of males. Height and ABW were the two mediators of the sex difference in use of LTVV.TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01601223

Impacts of the Tropical Pacific/Indian Oceans on the Seasonal Cycle of the West African Monsoon

The current consensus is that drought has developed in the Sahel during the second half of the twentieth century as a result of remote effects of oceanic anomalies amplified by local land–atmosphere interactions. This paper focuses on the impacts of oceanic anomalies upon West African climate and specifically aims to identify those from SST anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Oceans during spring and summer seasons, when they were significant. Idealized sensitivity experiments are performed with four atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). The prescribed SST patterns used in the AGCMs are based on the leading mode of covariability between SST anomalies over the Pacific/Indian Oceans and summer rainfall over West Africa. The results show that such oceanic anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Ocean lead to a northward shift of an anomalous dry belt from the Gulf of Guinea to the Sahel as the season advances. In the Sahel, the magnitude of rainfall anomalies is comparable to that obtained by other authors using SST anomalies confined to the proximity of the Atlantic Ocean. The mechanism connecting the Pacific/Indian SST anomalies with West African rainfall has a strong seasonal cycle. In spring (May and June), anomalous subsidence develops over both the Maritime Continent and the equatorial Atlantic in response to the enhanced equatorial heating. Precipitation increases over continental West Africa in association with stronger zonal convergence of moisture. In addition, precipitation decreases over the Gulf of Guinea. During the monsoon peak (July and August), the SST anomalies move westward over the equatorial Pacific and the two regions where subsidence occurred earlier in the seasons merge over West Africa. The monsoon weakens and rainfall decreases over the Sahel, especially in August.Peer reviewe

Design and baseline characteristics of the finerenone in reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in diabetic kidney disease trial

Background: Among people with diabetes, those with kidney disease have exceptionally high rates of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality and progression of their underlying kidney disease. Finerenone is a novel, nonsteroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that has shown to reduce albuminuria in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) while revealing only a low risk of hyperkalemia. However, the effect of finerenone on CV and renal outcomes has not yet been investigated in long-term trials. Patients and Methods: The Finerenone in Reducing CV Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease (FIGARO-DKD) trial aims to assess the efficacy and safety of finerenone compared to placebo at reducing clinically important CV and renal outcomes in T2D patients with CKD. FIGARO-DKD is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, event-driven trial running in 47 countries with an expected duration of approximately 6 years. FIGARO-DKD randomized 7,437 patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate >= 25 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and albuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio >= 30 to <= 5,000 mg/g). The study has at least 90% power to detect a 20% reduction in the risk of the primary outcome (overall two-sided significance level alpha = 0.05), the composite of time to first occurrence of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure. Conclusions: FIGARO-DKD will determine whether an optimally treated cohort of T2D patients with CKD at high risk of CV and renal events will experience cardiorenal benefits with the addition of finerenone to their treatment regimen. Trial Registration: EudraCT number: 2015-000950-39; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02545049