Dietary Inclusion of Hydrolyzed Debaryomyces hansenii Yeasts Modulates Physiological Responses in Plasma and Immune Organs of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Parr Exposed to Acute Hypoxia Stress

publishedVersio

The supplementation of female dogs with live yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii CNCM I-1079 acts as gut stabilizer at whelping and modulates immunometabolic phenotype of the puppies

Time around parturition is a stressful period for both bitches and their puppies. The use of probiotics has been proposed, e.g., in pigs, to improve health status of sows, their reproductive performances and in turn, the health and performance of their progeny. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact, on both dams and puppies, of a supplementation of bitches with the live yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii CNCM I-1079 (SB-1079) during the second part of the gestation and the lactation period. A total of 36 bitches of medium and large-sized breeds were enrolled. They were divided into two groups, one of which received 1.3 × 109 colony forming units of live yeast per day. At dam’s level, SB-1079 yeast shaped a different microbiota structure between the two groups just after whelping, impacted alpha diversity and some plasma metabolites related to energy metabolism. Regarding reproductive performances, SB-1079 improved gross energy of the colostrum (1.4 vs. 1.2 kcal of ME/g) as well as the concentration of protein in milk at Day 7 after parturition (10.4 vs. 7.6%). SB-1079 also reduced the odds of having low birth weight in the litter. At puppy’s level, a modulation of immunometabolic phenotype is suggested by the observation of increased growth rates during the early pediatric period (i.e., between 21 and 56 days of life, 225 vs. 190%) and a decrease of the IL-8:IL-10 ratio after vaccination against rabies (4.2 vs. 16.9). Our findings suggest that SB-1079 supplementation during gestation and lactation has the potential to enhance health of bitches and in turn health of puppies through maternal programming

Pubertal development of transfusion-dependent thalassemia patients in the era of oral chelation with deferasirox: results from the French registry

Not available

Dietary supplementation with a specific mannan-rich yeast parietal fraction enhances the gut and skin mucosal barriers of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and reduces its susceptibility to sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis)

Background: Increasing reliance on non-medicinal interventions to control sea lice in the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farming industry imposes a high level of skin mucosal disturbance and indirect health issues. Dietary supplementation with yeast-based MOS products is widely used to support intestinal homeostasis across farmed species. Evidence of their effect on skin mucosa is increasing in aquatic species but it remains inconsistent and someway short of a clear contribution to sea lice management. A tank-based trial was performed to test the effect of a yeast-based MOS functional compound (sMOS) on the skin mucosal layer and its protective effects against sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis). Results: The test compound significantly increased skin mucus (+46%) and goblet cell density (+25%) after 6 weeks of dietary supplementation when positive effects on intestinal villi-length (+10.9%) and goblet cell density (+80.0%) were also documented. Following dietary supplementation, a 16.6% reduction in susceptibility to an acute standard copepodid challenge was measured alongside an earlier increase in skin lysozyme activity widely used as an index of innate immunity. Conclusion: The study provides functional evidence that the benefits of dietary sMOS reach beyond the intestine to the skin mucosa. Bolstering of the Atlantic salmon skin barrier and immune functions and the resulting lower susceptibility to sea lice has the potential to reduce the need for delousing interventions and the impact of non-medicinal interventions on the animal's health and welfare

Evaluation du probiotique bactérien Pediococcus acidilactici MA18/5M chez la crevette pénéide Litopenaeus stylirostris en Nouvelle-Calédonie

P. acidilactici MA 18/5M is a dietary probiotic (BACTOCELL®) which has shown its efficiency on several terrestrial and aquatic species. The present thesis aimed to investigate more fully the effects of this probiotic on cultured penaeid shrimps. For this study, we chose a global approach by replacing the problem studied in a model of interactions between three compartments: the shrimp, its intestinal microflora and the probiotic. Having first defined how the probiotic should be administrated, we studied its effects under controlled laboratory conditions at several levels of Litopenaeus stylirostris biology: (i) Nutritional status and growth, (ii) associated bacterial microflora, and (iii) health status with respect to oxidative stress. Then the probiotic improves the growth of the shrimps and the feed conversion ratio. Our study shows that these effects are partially due to a better use of the feed, particularly of dietary carbohydrates, but also suggest an action on the metabolism, and\or on the growth via a contribution of essential nutrients. On the other hand, although the intestinal bacterial communities seems little affected, we show an antagonism effect of the probiotic toward total and vibrionacea intestinal flora, as well as a decrease in the level of infection of shrimps during challenge with pathogenic V. nigripulchritudo. Beside, our works highlight that infection by this pathogen, led to a reduction in antioxidant defences, to a rise in oxidative damages, and to a release of mortalities within 48 hours. This oxidative stress following bacterial infection was better controlled by animals receiving the probiotic diet, and resistance of the shrimps to infection was significant improved. A nutritional hypothesis is proposed to explain such result, hypothesis based on a link between carbohydrate metabolism and antioxidant status. As a conclusion of these works, we can propose a first explanatory scenario for the effects of P. acidilactici on a penaeid shrimp. Finally probiotic's effects were assessed under a pilot scale in a commercial farm from New Caledonia currently affected by the "summer syndrome". We confirm the improvements brought in term of zootechnical results, with in particular, a better resistance to this syndrome. This work was made possible thanks to a breeding method in floating cages, developed during this thesis, and therefore transferred, as an experimental tool, to the shrimp industry of New Caledonia.Pediococcus acidilacticii MA18/5M est un probiotique bactérien (BACTOCELL®) qui a démontré son efficacité chez plusieurs espèces d'animaux terrestres et aquatiques. Cette thèse avait pour objectif d'investiguer plus en détails les effets de ce probiotique chez les crevettes pénéides d'élevage. Pour cette étude, nous avons choisi une approche globale replaçant la problématique dans un modèle d'interactions entre trois compartiments : la crevette, sa microflore intestinale et le probiotique. Après avoir défini les modalités d'administration, l'effet de P. acicilactici a été étudié, en conditions de laboratoire, chez la crevette Litopenaeus stylirostris, à différents niveaux: (i) statut nutritionnel et croissance, (ii) microflore bactérienne associée, et (iii) santé de l'animal à travers son statut antioxydant et son niveau de stress oxydant. Ainsi, le probiotique améliore la croissance des crevettes et l'indice de conversion de l'aliment. Notre étude montre que ces effets sont en partie liés à une meilleure utilisation de l'aliment, notamment des carbohydrates alimentaires, mais suggèrent aussi une action surle métabolisme, et/ou sur la croissance via un apport de nutriments essentiels. D'autre part, bien que les communautés bactériennes intestinales semblent peu affectées, un effet d'antagonisme du probiotique vis-à-vis de la flore intestinale totale et vibrionacée a été montré, ainsi qu'une réduction du niveau d'infection des crevettes au cours de challenge avec le pathogène V. nigripulchritudo. Par ailleurs, nous mettons en évidence que l'infection par ce pathogène, conduit à un abaissement des défenses antioxydantes, à une élévation des dégâts oxydatifs, et au déclenchement de mortalités dans les 48 heures. Le probiotique atténue le niveau de ce stress oxydant, et améliore significativement la résistance des crevettes à l'infection. Une hypothèse nutritionnelle est proposée afin d'expliquer ce résultat, hypothèse reposant sur un lien entre le métabolisme des carbohydrates et le statut antioxydant. A l'issue de ces travaux, nous pouvons alors proposer un premier scénario explicatif des effets de P. acidilactici chez une crevette pénéide. Finalement le probiotique a été éprouvé à l'échelle pilote sur une ferme commerciale de Nouvelle-Calédonie affectée par le « syndrome d'été ». Nous confirmons les améliorations apportées en terme de résultats zootechniques, avec notamment une meilleure résistance au syndrome. Ce travail a été réalisé grâce une méthode d'élevage en cages flottantes, mis au point au cours de cette thèse, et qui a dés lors été transférée, comme outil expérimental, à la filière crevetticole Calédonienn

Evaluation of a Yeast Hydrolysate from a Novel Strain of <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> for Mycotoxin Mitigation using In Vitro and In Vivo Models

Mycotoxicoses in animals are caused by exposure to mycotoxin-contaminated feeds. Disease risk is managed using dietary adsorbing agents which reduce oral bioavailability. The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of three selected yeast products as mycotoxin binders using in vitro and in vivo models. Their capacity to adsorb deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), and ochratoxin A (OTA) was evaluated using an in vitro model designed to simulate the pH conditions during gastric passage in a monogastric animal. Results showed that only one product, an enzymatic yeast hydrolysate (YHY) of a novel strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae, adsorbed about 45% of DON in solution. Next, we determined the effect of YHY on oral absorption of a DON, ZEA, and OTA mixture using a toxicokinetic model in swine. Toxicokinetic modeling of the plasma concentration-time profiles of DON, OTA, and zearalenone-glucuronide (ZEA-GlcA) showed that YHY tended to reduce the maximal plasma concentration of OTA by 17%. YHY did not reduce oral bioavailability of OTA, DON, and ZEA-GlcA. Within the context of this experiment, and despite some positive indications from both the in vitro and in vivo models employed, we conclude that the YHY prototype was not an effective agent for multiple mycotoxin adsorption

Effect of probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici on antioxidant defences and oxidative stress of Litopenaeus stylirostris under Vibrio nigripulchritudo challenge

Antioxidant defences and induced oxidative stress tissue damage of the blue shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris, under challenge with Vibrio nigriputchritudo, were investigated for a 72-h period. For this purpose, L stylirostris were first infected by immersion with pathogenic V. nigripulchritudo strain SFn1 and then antioxidant defences: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), Total antioxidant status (TAS), glutathiones and induced tissue damage (MDA and carbonyl proteins) were determined in the digestive gland at 0, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h post-infection (h.p.i.). In the meantime, TAS was also measured in the blood. Infection level of the shrimps during the challenge was followed by determining V. nigripulchritudo prevalence and load in the haemolymph of the shrimps. Changes in all these parameters during the 72-h.p.i. period were recorded for control shrimps and shrimps previously fed for one month with probiotic Pediococcus aciditactici MA18/5M at 10(7) CFU g(-1) of feed. Our results showed that immersion with V nigripulchritudo led to maximal infection level in the haemolymph at 24 h.p.i. preceding the mortality peak recorded at 48 h.p.i. Significant decreases in the antioxidant defences were detected from 24 h.p.i. and beyond that time infection leaded to increases in oxidative stress level and tissue damage.. Compared to control group, shrimps fed the probiotic diet showed lower infection (20% instead of 45% at 24 h.p.i. in the control group) and mortality (25% instead of 41.7% in the control group) levels. Moreover, infected shrimp fed the probiotic compared to uninfected control shrimps exhibited very similar antioxidant status and oxidative stress level. Compared to the infected control group, shrimps fed the probiotic sustained higher antioxidant defences and lower oxidative stress level. This study shows that bacterial infection leads to oxidative stress in L. stylirostris and highlighted a beneficial effect of P. acidilactici, suggesting both a competitive exclusion effect leading to a reduction of the infection level and/or an enhancement of the antioxidant status of the shrimps. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Le cimetière d’Atlit, un espace des morts au pied de Château-Pèlerin (royaume latin de Jérusalem - xiiie siècle)

Sur la côte israélienne, le cimetière d’Atlit est implanté à quelques centaines de mètres de Château Pèlerin et d’un bourg édifiés à partir de 1217-1219. Découvert en 1934, il revêt un caractère exceptionnel : avec plus de 1 900 tombes installées sur quatre-vingts ans, il est le plus grand ensemble sépulcral conservé du royaume latin de Jérusalem. Sa mise en place et son utilisation se situent au moment d’intenses contacts entre l’Orient et l’Occident. Qu’il s’agisse de pèlerins ou de colons, il convient alors de s’interroger sur la manière dont les chrétiens latins ont enterré leurs morts. À ce titre, les vivants procèdent-ils exactement comme en Occident ? Le « modèle cimétérial » et les rites funéraires ont-ils été exportés et/ou adaptés ? Est-il possible d’identifier d’éventuelles interactions avec les coutumes des populations locales ? Face à des questions restées en suspens, une équipe internationale a mis en place une étude interdisciplinaire de grande ampleur. L’application des méthodes développées en archéologie funéraire et en anthropologie biologique a alors permis d’analyser l’organisation du site, les pratiques funéraires et l’identité des inhumés. En combinant des investigations de terrain et des études de sources écrites, les réflexions centrées sur les liens entre les vivants et les morts placent aujourd’hui le cimetière d’Atlit dans des thématiques d’occupation du sol, tout autant que dans celles dédiées aux marqueurs spatiaux de mémoire et d’identité.The Atlit Cemetery on the Israeli coast was situated a few hundred meters from the Château-Pèlerin and near a small town which was built from 1217-1219. It was discovered in 1934 and is exceptional in character. It has more than 1900 tombs spread over an eighty-year period and is thus the largest grouping of tombs that has been preserved from the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. It was established and used at a time of intense contact between East and West. This is a good place to examine how the Latin Christians—both pilgrims and colonists—buried their dead. Did the living proceed exactly as they did in the West? Were the “model cemetery” and the funeral rites exported and/or adapted? Is it possible to identify any interactions with the customs of the local people? In order to deal with these unresolved questions an international team undertook a wide-ranging interdisciplinary study. Methods developed in Funerary Archaeology and Biological Anthropology were used to analyze the organization of the site, the funerary practices and the identities of the occupants of the graves. By combining field work with the study of the written sources our study of the relationship between the living and the dead allows us to see the Atlit Cemetery today in terms of the occupation of the ground as well as with reference to the spatial markers of memory and Identity

Le cimetière croisé d'Atlit (Israël, XIII e s.): données préliminaires et apports des premières missions

Un ensemble funéraire exceptionnel-Le «Château-Pèlerin » et les occupations qui lui sont liées correspondent à une des dernières implantations des croisés (1217-1291).-Au nord-est du site se trouve un cimetière extramuros considéré comme l'ensemble de tombes de croisés le mieux conservé du Proche Orient. Lors du mandat britannique, en 1934, le site a été dégagé sous la responsabilité de l'archéologue C. N. Johns du Département des Antiquités.-Sur une aire de 100 x 80 m, plus de 1790 tombes avaient été dénombrées en 1934. Les tombes signalées en surface n'ont pas été fouillées. A la fin de la fouille, un nouveau mur d'enceinte a été bâti. Outre l'analyse proprement dite des pratiques funéraires, la particularité de ce site exceptionnel permet de s'interroger sur son organisation et son recrutement. La proximité du Château Pèlerin et les dalles observées, certaines monumentales et portant des décors sculptés et/ou gravés, posent ainsi de nombreuses questions concernant l'identité des inhumés. La qualité de la conservation des vestiges et les questions que l'implantation extramuros du site et son fonctionnement mais aussi les risques de détérioration du fait de la proximité avec la mer, montrent tout l'intérêt de conduire une étude plus large sur le cimetière. Les prochains objectifs sont, associée à un travail sur les archives de fouilles de 1934, la poursuite de la fouille des 3 secteurs tout en continuant d'analyser les pratiques funéraires, les données biologiques, les traumatismes liés à de possibles évènements belliqueux et ainsi de discuter le statut des défunts. 3 secteurs fouillés en 2015 Après une mission exploratoire en 2014, une première fouille archéologique du site a été menée en mai 2015, grâce à une autorisation accordée par l'Israel Antiquities Authority. L'objectif de cette mission était d'évaluer la conservation des vestiges archéologiques enfouis, d'observer l'existence d'éventuelles différences dans les pratiques funéraires, d'effectuer les premières études biologiques et de vérifier l'existence de possibles reconstructions de tombes en 1934. • 5 tombes fouillées et 6 tombes non marquées en surface identifiées = 11 dépôts primaires • Ossements en position secondaire = 15 individus Pratiques funéraires restituées • Majorité de fosses fermées par des couvertures en matière périssable • Un coffrage en pierre • Un cercueil • Absence de mobilier • Inhumations en majorité sur le dos dans des fosses orientées SO/NE à SSO/NNE • Nombreux recoupements de tombes • Tombes sans signalisation de surface Localisation des zones de fouilles en 2015 Fouille et restauration en 1934 (Archives du mandat britannique, IAA, Jérusalem) Premières données biologiques • Majorité de sujets adultes: 19 individus parmi les squelettes étudiées • Présence de sujets adultes des deux sexes • Des sujets immatures dans les trois secteurs exploré