Sida e a mulher

Os padrões epidemiológicos da pandemia do VIH/SIDA estão a mudar, fazendo prever que, nos próximos anos, o ratio homem/mulher seja de 1:1. Isto é tanto mais verdade em localizações geográficas onde a transmissão do vírus por via heterossexual é a predominante, com particular relevância para os países em vias de desenvolvimento. De entre estes, África merece destaque, já que aí as cifras assustadoras relativas a esta doença traduzem, de facto, a precariedade da condição de mulheres e crianças. As mulheres são, no presente, o grupo mais vulnerável à SIDA, não só pelas suas condições anatomofisiológicas, mas também pela sua situação social, económica e cultural. O seu papel na família, como cuidadora, parceira sexual e, eventualmente, mãe coloca-as face aos desafios de uma doença que, apesar de crónica, tem, ainda hoje, um desfecho fatal. Simultaneamente vítima e portadora/mensageira da doença, a mulher é confrontada com os seus comportamentos passados ("vítima culpada") ou acaba por se ver presa numa teia de contaminações sucessivas. Com frequência, começa por ser contaminada pelo seu parceiro sexual (muitas vezes, como verdadeira "vítima inocente", já que desconhece condutas e passado do homem com quem vive), tornando-se, depois, ela própria, transmissora da doença aos filhos que, provavelmente, tanto quis proteger

The effect of hydrophilic monomers on silicone-based hydrogels properties

Poster presented at the MSE 2016 - Materials Science and Engineering Congress, 27-29 September 2016, Darmstadt, GermanyN/

A calculadora gráfica Casio no estudo de funções em cursos profissionais

Este trabalho trata do estudo de funções no âmbito da disciplina de Matemática, que integra a Componente de Formação Científica dos Cursos Profissionais de Nível Secundário. São apresentadas diversas tarefas para a sala de aula sobre as diferentes famílias de funções consideradas no programa desta disciplina. A exploração destas tarefas é feita com recurso sistemático à calculadora gráfica Casio

Dental caries and bacterial load in saliva and dental biofilm of type 1 diabetics on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion

Objectives: Since most of the studies evaluates diabetics on multiple daily injections therapy and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion may help gain better metabolic control and prevent complications, the objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of dental caries, the unstimulated salivary flow rate and the total bacteria load, Streptococcus spp. levels and Lactobacillus spp. levels in saliva and supragingival dental biofilm of type 1 diabetics on insulin pump. Material and Methods: Sixty patients with type 1 diabetes on insulin pump and 60 nondiabetic individuals were included. The dental caries evaluation was performed using ICDAS and the oral hygiene was assessed according to Greene and Vermillion Simplified Oral Hygiene Index. Unstimulated saliva and supragingival dental biofilm were collected. Total bacteria, Streptococcus spp. and Lactobacillus spp. was quantified by qPCR. Results:Patients with type 1 diabetes had a higher prevalence of dental caries and filled and missing teeth when compared with the control group. These patients were associated with more risk factors for the development of dental caries, namely a lower unstimulated salivary flow rate and a higher bacterial load in saliva and dental biofilm. Conclusion: Some risk factors related to dental caries were associated with type 1 diabetics. An early diagnosis combined with the evaluation of the risk profile of the diabetic patient is imperative, allowing the dental caries to be analyzed through a perspective of prevention and the patient to be integrated into an individualized oral health program

Effects on gastric mucosa induced by dental bleaching – an experimental study with 6% hydrogen peroxide in rats

The value of aesthetic dentistry has precipitated several developments in the investigation of dental materials related to this field. The free marketing of these products is a problem and it is subject to various interpretations regarding its legality. There are several techniques for tooth whitening, the most used one being the external bleaching. It is the later version of such technique that poses the greatest danger of ingesting the product. The present study analysed the systemic effect of these products when they are swallowed.Objective This experimental study aimed to observe the effects of a tooth whitening product, whose active agent is 6% hydrogen peroxide, on the gastric mucosa of healthy and non-tumour gastric pathology animals.Material and Methods Fifty Wistar-Han rats were used and then distributed into 5 groups, one for control and four test groups in which the bleaching product was administered in animals with and without non-tumour gastric pathology (induced by the administration of 1 sample of 50% ethanol and 5% of drinking water during 6 days) at different times of study by gavage. There was a decrease in body weight in animals of groups handled during the study period, which was most pronounced in IV and VA groups. Changes in spleen weight relative to body weight revealed no statistically significant changes. An analysis of the frequency was performed on the results of macroscopic observation of the gastric mucosa.Results The gastric mucosa revealed lesions in all manipulated groups, being more frequent in groups III and IV. It appears that there is a synergism when using hydrogen peroxide and 50% ethanol in the same group.Conclusion Therefore, it seems that there are some signs of toxicity 3 to 4 days after administration of 6% hydrogen peroxide. The prescription of these therapies must be controlled by the clinician and the risks must be minimized

Reabilitação Estética Anterior: a Propósito de um Caso Clínico

ResumoA presença de múltiplas lesões dentárias compromete significativamente a função e a estética do paciente. A prevalência de lesões cervicais (cariosas e não cariosas) é grande em adultos e a sua severidade aumenta com a idade.Com este trabalho pretende-se abordar as lesões classes V, identificar os diferentes factores etiológicos, caracterizálas e diagnosticá-las, e ainda, apresentar o protocolo de tratamento.De acordo com a revisão bibliográfica efectuada e o caso clínico apresentado, concluiu-se que as lesões classe V apresentam uma etiologia multifactorial e que o sucesso do tratamento restaurador está directamente relacionado com a eliminação da causa, bem como com a escolha do material restaurador adequadoAbstractThe presence of multiple dental lesions significantly compromises the function and the aesthetic of the patient. The prevalence of cervical lesions (carious and noncarious) is high in adults and its severity increases with the age.With this work it is intended to approach the dental lesions class V, to identify the different etiologic factors, to characterize and to diagnosis them, and to present the treatment protocol.In accordance with the bibliographical revision and the presented clinical case, it was concluded that the dental lesions class V present an multifactorial etiology and that the success of the restoring treatment is directly related with the elimination of the cause, as well as with the choice of the adjusted restoring material

Ganhos em competitividade em função de políticas estratégicas: um estudo de caso do setor automotivo brasileiro

A exposição dos mercados nacionais à concorrência internacional ressalta a necessidade de formulação de políticas estratégicas que proporcionem a participação competitiva do país no mercado internacional. Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar a influência que a adoção de políticas governamentais estratégicas exerceram para os ganhos de produtividade da indústria automotiva brasileira. No desenvolvimento deste estudo são analisadas os diferentes contextos em que tais políticas foram adotadas, levando-se em consideração as diversas forças determinantes da competitividade nestes períodos

On the Use of Thermal Properties for Characterizing Dimension Stones

The use of dimension stones in architecture and civil engineering implies the knowledge of several mechanical, physical, and chemical properties. Even though it has been usual practice to measure physical and mechanical properties of dimension stones the same is not true for thermal properties such as thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, specific heat capacity, and heat production. These properties are particularly important when processes related with heating and cooling of buildings must be considered. Thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and specific heat capacity are related with the way thermal energy is transmitted and accumulated in stones; heat production has to do with the amount of radioactive elements in the rocks and so with the environmental impact of radioactivity and public health problems. It is important to start to measure on a routine basis those four thermal properties in rocks and, in particular, in dimension rocks so that their application can be improved and optimized. With this is mind three sets of different rock types (granites, limestones, and marbles) were collected to measure the thermal conductivity, the thermal diffusivity, and the specific heat capacity with the objective of characterizing them in terms of those properties. Since the same set of rocks has also been studied for other physical properties, a correlation amongst all the measured properties is attempted. For each rock type several samples were used to measure the thermal conductivity, the thermal diffusivity, and the specific heat capacity, and average values were obtained and are presented. As an example, for granites the thermal conductivity varies between 2.87 and 3.75 W/mK; for limestones varies between 2.82 and 3.17 W/mK; and for marbles varies between 2.86 and 3.02 W/mK. It is hoped that measuring thermal properties on dimension stones will help to better adequate them to their use in civil engineering as well as to adequate their use in terms of a CE product

Microleakage study of a restorative material via radioisotope methods

AbstractObjectivesTo validate the quantitative method used in the evaluation of microleakage and to evaluate the microleakage of dental restorations using GCP Fill. The null hypothesis was that the restorative system doesn’t have any influence regarding microleakage.MethodsSixty noncarious extracted human molars were cut in two equal halves occlusogingivally and Class V cavities were prepared on the buccal or lingual surfaces of each tooth. The specimens were randomly divided into 4 groups. Two were restored with GCP Fill, while another was restored with Filtek Supreme. The control group was not restored. The specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 7 days before 500 cycles of thermocycling between 5°C and 55°C, dwell time of 30s. The specimens were submersed in a solution of 99mTc-pertechnetate for 3h and the radioactivity was determined. The nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney test with Bonferroni correction at a significance level of 5% were used for statistical analyses.ResultsThere were statistically significant differences between experimental groups and control groups (p<0.05). Apart from these differences, a significant difference was observed between negative and positive control groups (p<0.001). In the control+group there was a large microleakage, and the control-group received minimum counts.ConclusionThe GCP Fill and the Filtek Supreme XTE do not differ as regards microleakage; this technique proved to be simple, quick and fulfilled the objective of a quantitative method in the evaluation of microleakage. Long-term clinical studies need to be carried out to substantiate these results