A Classification of Hull Operators in Archimedean Lattice-Ordered Groups With Unit

The category, or class of algebras, in the title is denoted by W. A hull operator (ho) in W is a reflection in the category consisting of W objects with only essential embeddings as morphisms. The proper class of all of these is hoW. The bounded monocoreflection in W is denoted B. We classify the ho’s by their interaction with B as follows. A “word” is a function w : hoW → WW obtained as a finite composition of B and x a variable ranging in hoW. The set of these,“Word”, is in a natural way a partially ordered semigroup of size 6, order isomorphic to F(2), the free 0 −1 distributive lattice on 2 generators. Then, hoW is partitioned into 6 disjoint pieces, by equations and inequations in words, and each piece is represented by a characteristic order-preserving quotient of Word (≈ F(2)). Of the 6: 1 is of size ≥ 2, 1 is at least infinite, 2 are each proper classes, and of these 4, all quotients are chains; another 1 is a proper class with unknown quotients; the remaining 1 is not known to be nonempty and its quotients would not be chains

Automatización de un taladro de árbol para madera

The present document shows alternative of design to automate a drill wood tree, given the function characteristics: positioning, the feeding system, the deepness of drilling and the marking of each of these worked pieces. With the automation of the drill and it different stations, this intention is to increase the productive, warranting a better quality and offering to the operator less physic effort, already it only required supply the raw material to the feeding system, also to monitoring and supervise this process. It shown us the sketches and designs proposed, also the components and mechanism selected to achieve integrate the manufacturing process that implying to automation this process.El presente documento describe una alternativa de diseño para automatizar un taladro de árbol, teniendo en cuenta las características funcionales: posicionamiento, sistema de alimentación, profundidad de taladrado, y el marcado de cada una de las piezas trabajadas. Con la automatización del taladro y sus diferentes estaciones se pretende aumentar la productividad, garantizando una mejor calidad y brindándole al operario un menor esfuerzo físico, ya que éste solo requerirá suministrar la materia prima al sistema de alimentación, además de monitorear y supervisar el proceso. Se muestran los bocetos y diseños obtenidos, además de los componentes y mecanismos seleccionados para lograr integrar los procesos de manufactura que implica el automatizar este proceso

Fast two-scale computational model for progressive damage analysis of fiber reinforced composites

A fast two-scale finite element framework based on refined finite beam models for progressive damage analysis (PDA) of fiber reinforced composite is presented. The framework consists of a macroscale model to define the structural-level components, interfaced with a second sub-scale model at the fiber-matrix level. Refined finite beam elements are based on Carrera Unified Formulation (CUF), a hierarchical formulation which offers a procedure to obtain refined structural theories that account for variable kinematic description. The representative volume element (RVE) at the subscale is modeled with real material, e.g., fiber and matrix with details about packing and heterogeneity. Component-Wise approach (CW), an extension of refined beam kinematics based on Lagrange-type polynomials is used to model the constituents in the subscale. Each constituent in the subscale is modeled by the same finite element in the framework of the CW. The energy based crack band theory (CBT) is implemented within the subscale constitutive laws to predict the damage propagation in individual constituents. The communication between the two scales is achieved through the exchange of strain, stress and stiffness tensor at every integration point in the macroscale model. The efficiency of the framework is derived from the ability of CUF models to provide accurate three-dimensional displacement and stress fields at a reduced computational cost (approximately one order of magnitude of degrees of freedom less as compared to standard 3D brick elements). Numerical predictions are validated against the experimental results

Comparativo del crecimiento dasometrico en dos plantaciones de Pinus radiata D. Don ubicadas en las parroquias Lican y Calpi de la provincia de Chimborazo.

El objetivo de la investigación fue comparar el crecimiento dasométrico y edáfico en dos plantaciones de Pinus radiata D. Don ubicadas en las parroquias Licán y Calpi, provincia de Chimborazo. Para lo cual, primero se realizó un recorrido y reconocimiento de las dos plantaciones en estudio, se llevó a cabo un inventario en el cual se implementó un muestreo sistemático no alineado con parcelas circulares de un radio inicial de 11,23 m abarcando un área de 400 m2, se instalaron 4 parcelas para la plantación A y 4 parcelas en la plantación B. Dentro de cada unidad de muestro se tomaron datos de variables cuantitativas tales como: DAP (diámetro a la altura del pecho), altura total, altura comercial y diámetro de copa, para evaluar las propiedades fisicoquímicas se seleccionaron 4 puntos de muestreo para realizar las calicatas distribuidos en las dos plantaciones, 2 puntos en cada plantación las calicatas a dos profundidades con rangos de 0-30 cm y 30-100 cm se recogió un kilogramo de muestra para cada profundidad las cuales se analizaron en el laboratorio de suelos de la FRN de la ESPOCH determinando su color, consistencia, densidad real, materia orgánica , textura, conductividad eléctrica y elementos químicos. Las variables cuantitativas de la plantación A, obtuvieron promedios de diámetro a la altura del pecho de 16 cm, altura comercial 10,02 m, y volumen total promedio de 265,63 m3, la plantación B diámetro a la altura del pecho de 14 cm, altura comercial 3,48 m, y volumen total promedio de 155 m3, los parámetros físicos químicos obtuvieron valores bajos. Se concluyó que las dos plantaciones obtuvieron bajos valores de crecimiento y productividad, por lo que se recomendó realizar actividades silviculturales para mejorar la producción de las plantaciones.The aim of the research was to compare the dasometric and edaphic growth in two plantations of Pinus radiata D. Don located in the Licán and Calpi parishes, province of Chimborazo. For this purpose, first a tour and reconnaissance of the two plantations under study was made, an inventory was carried out in which a systematic non-aligned sampling was implemented with circular plots of an initial radius of 11.23 m covering an area of 400 m2, 4 plots were installed for plantation A and 4 plots in plantation B. Within each sampling unit, data were collected for quantitative variables such as: DBH (diameter at breast height), total height, commercial height and crown diameter, to evaluate the physicochemical properties 4 sampling points were selected to perform the calicatas distributed in the two plantations, Two points were selected in each plantation at two depths with ranges of 0-30 cm and 30-100 cm. A kilogram of sample was collected for each depth and analyzed in the soil laboratory of the FRN of the ESPOCH to determine its color, consistency, real density, organic matter, texture, electrical conductivity and chemical elements. The quantitative variables of plantation A, obtained averages of diameter at breast height of 16 cm, commercial height 10.02 m, and average total volume of 265.63 m3, plantation B diameter at breast height of 14 cm, commercial height 3.48 m, and average total volume of 155 m3, the chemical physical parameters obtained low values. It was concluded that the two plantations obtained low values of growth and productivity, so it was recommended to carry out silvicultural activities to improve the production of the plantations

Computationally-efficient multiscale models for progressive failure and damage analysis of composites

A class of computationally-efficient tools to undertake progressive failure and damage analysis of composites across scales is presented. The framework is based on a class of refined one-dimensional (1D) theories referred to as the Carrera Unified Formulation (CUF), a generalized hierarchical formulation that generates a class of refined structural theories through variable kinematic description. 1D CUF models can provide accurate 3D-like stress fields at a reduced computational cost, e.g., approximately one to two orders of magnitude of degrees of freedom less as compared to standard 3D brick elements. The effectiveness of 1D CUF models to undertake physically nonlinear simulation is demonstrated through a class of problems with varying constitutive models. The virtual testing platform consists of a variety of computational tools such as failure index evaluations using component-wise modeling approaches (CUF-CW), CUF-CW micromechanics, concurrent multiscale framework, interface, and impact modeling. Failure index evaluation of a class of composite structures underlines the paramount importance of the accurate stress resolutions. Within the micromechanical framework, the Component-Wise approach (CW) is utilized to represent various components of the RVE. The crack band theory is implemented to capture the damage propagation within the constituents of composite materials and the pre-peak nonlinearity within the matrix constituents is modeled using the $J_2$ von-Mises theory. A novel concurrent multiscale framework is developed for nonlinear analysis of fiber-reinforced composites. The two-scale framework consists of a macro-scale model to describe the structural level components, e.g, open-hole specimens, coupons, using CUF-LW models and a sub-scale micro-structural model encompassed with a representative volume element (RVE). The two scales are interfaced through the exchange of strain, stress and stiffness tensors at every integration point in the macro-scale model. Explicit finite element computations at the lower scale are efficiently handled by the CUF-CW micromechanics tool. The macro tangent computation based on perturbation method which leads to meliorated performances. A novel numerical framework to simulate progressive delamination in laminated structures based on component-wise models is presented. A class of higher-order cohesive elements along with a mixed-mode cohesive constitutive law are integrated within the CUF-CW framework to simulate interfacial cohesive mechanics between various components of the structure. A global dissipation energy-based arc -length method to trace the complex equilibrium path exhibited by delamination problem. The capabilities of the framework are further extended through the introduction of contact kinematics to handle impact problems. A combination of the above tools is used to obtain an accurate material response of the structure in the non-linear regime, from the structural level i.e. macro-scale to the material constituent level i.e. the micro-scale, in a computationally efficient manner, providing a suitable virtual testing environment for the progressive damage analysis of composite structures. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed computational platform are assessed via comparison against the traditional approaches as well as experimental results found in the literature

The effect of a massive object on an expanding universe

A tetrad-based procedure is presented for solving Einstein's field equations for spherically-symmetric systems; this approach was first discussed by Lasenby et al. in the language of geometric algebra. The method is used to derive metrics describing a point mass in a spatially-flat, open and closed expanding universe respectively. In the spatially-flat case, a simple coordinate transformation relates the metric to the corresponding one derived by McVittie. Nonetheless, our use of non-comoving (`physical') coordinates greatly facilitates physical interpretation. For the open and closed universes, our metrics describe different spacetimes to the corresponding McVittie metrics and we believe the latter to be incorrect. In the closed case, our metric possesses an image mass at the antipodal point of the universe. We calculate the geodesic equations for the spatially-flat metric and interpret them. For radial motion in the Newtonian limit, the force acting on a test particle consists of the usual $1/r^2$ inwards component due to the central mass and a cosmological component proportional to $r$ that is directed outwards (inwards) when the expansion of the universe is accelerating (decelerating). For the standard $\Lambda$CDM concordance cosmology, the cosmological force reverses direction at about $z\approx 0.67$. We also derive an invariant fully general-relativistic expression, valid for arbitrary spherically-symmetric systems, for the force required to hold a test particle at rest relative to the central point mass.Comment: 14 pages, 2 tables, 5 figures; new version, to match the version published in MNRA

“Tratamiento de las lesiones psicológicos por violencia familiar en la carga procesal y tutela jurisdiccional de derechos”

El presente trabajo brinda una apreciación del tratamiento jurídico del delito de lesiones psicológicas por violencia familiar, en referencia a la incidencia que manifiesta en la carga procesal y tutela jurisdiccional de derechos, a raíz de la entrada en vigencia de Ley Nº 30364. Para esto, se estableció el desarrollo de la investigación en torno a la sede central del Ministerio Público de Lima Norte, siendo los principales entrevistados los Fiscales Penales, debido a que estos (por la actual regulación) son quienes se avocan al conocimiento de denuncias por este tipo de conductas. Asimismo, la investigación está orientada bajo los parámetros del enfoque cualitativo, bajo la denominación de investigación básica, ya que está orientada a la comprensión, en razón de su diseño fenomenológico. Con esto, se llegó a la conclusión de que la tipificación del delito de lesiones psicológicas por violencia familiar, instaurado por la ley Nº 30364, ha ocasionado incidencias negativas en la resolución de casos, por ende, repercusiones para el tratamiento de la carga procesal, en razón de la incertidumbre ocasionada por la deficiente regulación de la citada norma; lo que acarrea la imposibilidad de hacer una efectiva tutela de derechos de las partes que se encuentren involucradas en una denuncia por este tipo de hechos

Mars Aqueous Processing System

The goal of the Mars Aqueous Processing System (MAPS) is to establish a flexible process that generates multiple products that are useful for human habitation. Selectively extracting useful components into an aqueous solution, and then sequentially recovering individual constituents, can obtain a suite of refined or semi-refined products. Similarities in the bulk composition (although not necessarily of the mineralogy) of Martian and Lunar soils potentially make MAPS widely applicable. Similar process steps can be conducted on both Mars and Lunar soils while tailoring the reaction extents and recoveries to the specifics of each location. The MAPS closed-loop process selectively extracts, and then recovers, constituents from soils using acids and bases. The emphasis on Mars involves the production of useful materials such as iron, silica, alumina, magnesia, and concrete with recovery of oxygen as a byproduct. On the Moon, similar chemistry is applied with emphasis on oxygen production. This innovation has been demonstrated to produce high-grade materials, such as metallic iron, aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, and calcium oxide, from lunar and Martian soil simulants. Most of the target products exhibited purities of 80 to 90 percent or more, allowing direct use for many potential applications. Up to one-fourth of the feed soil mass was converted to metal, metal oxide, and oxygen products. The soil residue contained elevated silica content, allowing for potential additional refining and extraction for recovery of materials needed for photovoltaic, semiconductor, and glass applications. A high-grade iron oxide concentrate derived from lunar soil simulant was used to produce a metallic iron component using a novel, combined hydrogen reduction/metal sintering technique. The part was subsequently machined and found to be structurally sound. The behavior of the lunar-simulant-derived iron product was very similar to that produced using the same methods on a Michigan iron ore concentrate, which demonstrates that lunar-derived material can be used in a manner similar to conventional terrestrial iron. Metallic iron was also produced from the Mars soil simulant. The aluminum and magnesium oxide products produced by MAPS from lunar and Mars soil simulants exhibited excellent thermal stability, and were shown to be capable of use for refractory oxide structural materials, or insulation at temperatures far in excess of what could be achieved using unrefined soils. These materials exhibited the refractory characteristics needed to support iron casting and forming operations, as well as other thermal processing needs. Extraction residue samples contained up to 79 percent silica. Such samples were successfully fused into a glass that exhibited high light transmittance

Propuesta de aplicación del lean construction para mejorar la planificación y el control en la ejecución de la partida UBS de las obras de saneamiento rural en la empresa Ripesa Perú E. I. R. L. - 2020

La empresa Ripesa Perú ejecuta proyectos licitados al sector público y como tal surge la imperiosa necesidad de cumplir con plazos de ejecución estipulados en sus contratos. La Iniciativa del Estado Peruano con la entrada en vigencia de la R.M. 192-2018 DEL MVCS1, es que los componentes de los sistemas de agua sean más estandarizados, lo que conlleva a que puedan establecerse nuevos métodos de trabajo que mejoren la producción y productividad en la ejecución de obra y más importante que estas mejoras puedan replicarse en más obras. Bajo este criterio se propuso implementar la filosofía lean Construction en la empresa, específicamente a la partida de UBS de una obra de saneamiento rural; aplicamos la herramienta Carta Balance en la etapa de ejecución para determinar la distribución de tiempo en una actividad determinada obteniendo como resultados que: 21% del tiempo de trabajo es TP, 30% del tiempo TC, 49% del tiempo del trabajo es TNC. Se aplicó la herramienta tren de actividades y last planner a la partida de UBS2. Proponiendo una programación de actividades de ejecución en base al último planificador y con el compromiso de todos los involucrados (logística, equipo técnico, operarios, peones, etc.).The company Ripesa Perú executes projects tendered to the public sector and as such arises the urgent need to meet the execution deadlines stipulated in their contracts. The Initiative of the Peruvian State with the entry into force of the R.M. 192-2018 OF THE MVCS, is that the components of the water systems are more standardized, which leads to the establishment of new working methods that improve production and productivity in the execution of work and, more importantly, that these improvements can be replicated in more works. Under this criterion, it was proposed to implement the lean Construction philosophy in the company, specifically at UBS's departure from a rural sanitation work; We apply the Balance Chart tool in the execution stage to determine the distribution of time in a given activity, obtaining the results that: 21% of the work time is TP, 30% of the TC time, 49% of the work time is TNC. The activity train tool and last planner were applied to the UBS game. Proposing a schedule of execution activities based on the latest planner and with the commitment of all those involved (logistics, technical team, operators, laborers, etc.).

Comparación entre los métodos estáticos: empuje incremental (PushOver) y diseño basado en fuerzas (D.B.F), para identificar las ventajas y desventajas en edificaciones de hormigón de cuatro y ocho pisos

El presente artículo da a conocer las alternativas en el cálculo sismo resistente para las edificaciones de cuatro y ocho pisos con alturas de 13.2m y 25.2m respectivamente y un área de 750.89m2 por piso en las dos estructuras. Esto nos permitirá identificar las ventajas y desventajas de los métodos: empuje incremental (Pushover) y diseño basado en fuerzas (D.B.F). En el desarrollo de este problema se tuvo como objetivo realizar un estudio técnicoeconómico, mediante la comparación de los métodos aplicados a los dos edificios. Y aquí se hará referencia a términos generales que se consideran esenciales y representativos, para determinar el método más conveniente en el diseño de las estructuras. En este trabajo se recopiló la información de procesos técnicos de ingeniería civil y los resultados se los represento de forma gráfica para compararlos.This article presents the alternatives in the earthquake resistant calculation for four and eight story buildings with heights of 13.2m and 25.2m respectively and an area of 750.89m2 per story in the two structures. This will allow us to identify the advantages and disadvantages of the methods: incremental push (Pushover) and design based on forces (D.B.F). In the development of this problem, the objective was to carry out a technical-economic study, by comparing the methods applied to the two buildings. And here reference will be made to general terms that are considered essential and representative, to determine the most convenient method in the design of the structures. In this work, the information on civil engineering technical processes was compiled and the results were represented graphically to compare the methods