Regulation of β1 Integrin-Klf2-mediated angiogenesis by CCM proteins

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VIDEO ABSTRACT: The pattern of blood flow has long been thought to play a significant role in vascular morphogenesis, yet the flow-sensing mechanism that is involved at early embryonic stages, when flow forces are low, remains unclear. It has been proposed that endothelial cells use primary cilia to sense flow, but this has never been tested in vivo. Here we show, by noninvasive, high-resolution imaging of live zebrafish embryos, that endothelial cilia progressively deflect at the onset of blood flow and that the deflection angle correlates with calcium levels in endothelial cells. We demonstrate that alterations in shear stress, ciliogenesis, or expression of the calcium channel PKD2 impair the endothelial calcium level and both increase and perturb vascular morphogenesis. Altogether, these results demonstrate that endothelial cilia constitute a highly sensitive structure that permits the detection of low shear forces during vascular morphogenesis

Developing new models of cardiovascular and muscular genetic diseases in zebrafish

Les nombreux avantages du poisson zèbre ont été utilisés pour modéliser deux maladies héréditaires: la desminopathie et la maladie veino-occlusive pulmonaire (MVOP). La desminopathie est une myopathie myofibrillaire caractérisée par la présence d’agrégats. Deux modèles, de perte et de gain de fonction ont permis de montrer l’importance à la fois de la perte de desmine fonctionnelle et de la présence d’agrégats. Les phénotypes observés incluent en particulier des défauts biomécaniques de la contraction cardiaque et de la propagation calcique myocardique. Des approches thérapeutiques, réduisant la taille des agrégats, sont proposées. Après avoir validé l’utilisation du poisson-zèbre comme modèle d’étude de l’hypertension artérielle, en vérifiant l’implication de l’élasticité de la paroi artérielle dans la régulation du flux sanguin, des modèles de MVOP, une forme rare et sévère d’hypertension pulmonaire, ont été générés et étudiés. Ils confirment la spécificité veineuse de la MVOP.The numerous advantages of zebrafish were used to study two hereditary diseases: desminopathy and pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD). Desminopathy is a myofibrillar myopathy characterized by the presence of granulofilamentous aggregates. Two models of loss and gain of function of desmin showed the implication of both loss of functional desmin and presence of desmin aggregates in desminopathy clinical manifestations. Phenotypes observed in these models include in particular a perturbation of the heart contraction biomechanics and of calcium propagation throughout the myocardium. Potential drugs, lowering the aggregate content, were proposed. After validating the use of zebrafish as a model of arterial hypertension, by verifying the implication of the elasticity of the aorta in blood flow regulation, we generated and characterized PVOD models. PVOD is a rare and severe form of pulmonary hypertension. The venous-specificity of the phenotypes observed in this pathology was confirmed

Developing new models of cardiovascular and muscular genetic diseases in zebrafish

Les nombreux avantages du poisson zèbre ont été utilisés pour modéliser deux maladies héréditaires: la desminopathie et la maladie veino-occlusive pulmonaire (MVOP). La desminopathie est une myopathie myofibrillaire caractérisée par la présence d’agrégats. Deux modèles, de perte et de gain de fonction ont permis de montrer l’importance à la fois de la perte de desmine fonctionnelle et de la présence d’agrégats. Les phénotypes observés incluent en particulier des défauts biomécaniques de la contraction cardiaque et de la propagation calcique myocardique. Des approches thérapeutiques, réduisant la taille des agrégats, sont proposées. Après avoir validé l’utilisation du poisson-zèbre comme modèle d’étude de l’hypertension artérielle, en vérifiant l’implication de l’élasticité de la paroi artérielle dans la régulation du flux sanguin, des modèles de MVOP, une forme rare et sévère d’hypertension pulmonaire, ont été générés et étudiés. Ils confirment la spécificité veineuse de la MVOP.The numerous advantages of zebrafish were used to study two hereditary diseases: desminopathy and pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD). Desminopathy is a myofibrillar myopathy characterized by the presence of granulofilamentous aggregates. Two models of loss and gain of function of desmin showed the implication of both loss of functional desmin and presence of desmin aggregates in desminopathy clinical manifestations. Phenotypes observed in these models include in particular a perturbation of the heart contraction biomechanics and of calcium propagation throughout the myocardium. Potential drugs, lowering the aggregate content, were proposed. After validating the use of zebrafish as a model of arterial hypertension, by verifying the implication of the elasticity of the aorta in blood flow regulation, we generated and characterized PVOD models. PVOD is a rare and severe form of pulmonary hypertension. The venous-specificity of the phenotypes observed in this pathology was confirmed

Développement de modèles animaux de maladies génétiques des systèmes cardiovasculaire et musculaire chez le poisson-zèbre

The numerous advantages of zebrafish were used to study two hereditary diseases: desminopathy and pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD). Desminopathy is a myofibrillar myopathy characterized by the presence of granulofilamentous aggregates. Two models of loss and gain of function of desmin showed the implication of both loss of functional desmin and presence of desmin aggregates in desminopathy clinical manifestations. Phenotypes observed in these models include in particular a perturbation of the heart contraction biomechanics and of calcium propagation throughout the myocardium. Potential drugs, lowering the aggregate content, were proposed. After validating the use of zebrafish as a model of arterial hypertension, by verifying the implication of the elasticity of the aorta in blood flow regulation, we generated and characterized PVOD models. PVOD is a rare and severe form of pulmonary hypertension. The venous-specificity of the phenotypes observed in this pathology was confirmed.Les nombreux avantages du poisson zèbre ont été utilisés pour modéliser deux maladies héréditaires: la desminopathie et la maladie veino-occlusive pulmonaire (MVOP). La desminopathie est une myopathie myofibrillaire caractérisée par la présence d’agrégats. Deux modèles, de perte et de gain de fonction ont permis de montrer l’importance à la fois de la perte de desmine fonctionnelle et de la présence d’agrégats. Les phénotypes observés incluent en particulier des défauts biomécaniques de la contraction cardiaque et de la propagation calcique myocardique. Des approches thérapeutiques, réduisant la taille des agrégats, sont proposées. Après avoir validé l’utilisation du poisson-zèbre comme modèle d’étude de l’hypertension artérielle, en vérifiant l’implication de l’élasticité de la paroi artérielle dans la régulation du flux sanguin, des modèles de MVOP, une forme rare et sévère d’hypertension pulmonaire, ont été générés et étudiés. Ils confirment la spécificité veineuse de la MVOP

Endothelial Cilia Mediate Low Flow Sensing during Zebrafish Vascular Development

The pattern of blood flow has long been thought to play a significant role in vascular morphogenesis, yet the flow-sensing mechanism that is involved at early embryonic stages, when flow forces are low, remains unclear. It has been proposed that endothelial cells use primary cilia to sense flow, but this has never been tested in vivo. Here we show, by noninvasive, high-resolution imaging of live zebrafish embryos, that endothelial cilia progressively deflect at the onset of blood flow and that the deflection angle correlates with calcium levels in endothelial cells. We demonstrate that alterations in shear stress, ciliogenesis, or expression of the calcium channel PKD2 impair the endothelial calcium level and both increase and perturb vascular morphogenesis. Altogether, these results demonstrate that endothelial cilia constitute a highly sensitive structure that permits the detection of low shear forces during vascular morphogenesis. Video Abstract

Developmental Alterations in Heart Biomechanics and Skeletal Muscle Function in Desmin Mutants Suggest an Early Pathological Root for Desminopathies

Desminopathies belong to a family of muscle disorders called myofibrillar myopathies that are caused by Desmin mutations and lead to protein aggregates in muscle fibers. To date, the initial pathological steps of desminopathies and the impact of desmin aggregates in the genesis of the disease are unclear. Using live, high-resolution microscopy, we show that Desmin loss of function and Desmin aggregates promote skeletal muscle defects and alter heart biomechanics. In addition, we show that the calcium dynamics associated with heart contraction are impaired and are associated with sarcoplasmic reticulum dilatation as well as abnormal subcellular distribution of Ryanodine receptors. Our results demonstrate that desminopathies are associated with perturbed excitation-contraction coupling machinery and that aggregates are more detrimental than Desmin loss of function. Additionally, we show that pharmacological inhibition of aggregate formation and Desmin knockdown revert these phenotypes. Our data suggest alternative therapeutic approaches and further our understanding of the molecular determinants modulating Desmin aggregate formation. Desminopathies are myopathies and cardiomyopathies associated with Desmin mutations leading to protein aggregates. Ramspacher et al. demonstrate that altered Desmin function or expression affect the EC coupling machinery and calcium dynamics. They show that aggregates are more toxic than the loss of function and can be rescued by knockdown and pharmacological treatment

Multivalent Site-Specific Phage Modification Enhances the Binding Affinity of Receptor Ligands

High-throughput screening of combinatorial chemical libraries is a powerful approach for identifying targeted molecules. The display of combinatorial peptide libraries on the surface of bacteriophages offers a rapid, economical way to screen billions of peptides for specific binding properties and has impacted fields ranging from cancer to vaccine development. As a modification to this approach, we have previously created a system that enables site-specific insertion of selenocysteine (Sec) residues into peptides displayed pentavalently on M13 phage as pIII coat protein fusions. In this study, we show the utility of selectively derivatizing these Sec residues through the primary amine of small molecules that target a G protein-coupled receptor, the adenosine A₁ receptor, leaving the other coat proteins, including the major coat protein pVIII, unmodified. We further demonstrate that modified Sec-phage with multivalent bound agonist binds to cells and elicits downstream signaling with orders of magnitude greater potency than that of unconjugated agonist. Our results provide proof of concept of a system that can create hybrid small molecule-containing peptide libraries and open up new possibilities for phage–drug therapies