Developing an enterprising spirit among engineering college students : what are the educational factors ?

The purpose of this chapter is to further what can be called the Entrepreneurial Spirit. Indeed these words, although widely used, have not yet been properly defined in the literature as to how it is created, and what precise aspects can be enhanced through teaching activities. It is a matter of suggesting hypotheses in order to build up a model of how an Entrepreneurial Spirit is engendered among newly trained engineers. Our chapter is divided into four section. The first deals with the question of the definition of the Entrepreneurial Spirit: How does it arise prior to the decision to set up a business? How can the components of an Entrepreneurial Spirit be defined? We suggest a dynamic model. The second section deals with the factors leading to an Entrepreneurial Spirit among young engineers: What is the relevance of the educational background ? What are the possible teaching method variables within engineering college training? The third section presents methodological features of our research. The fourth section presents early results about the projective dimensions of our model of engineering students in 2004. As a conclusion, we present theoretical and practical implications of our research.entreprising spirit, entrepreneurship education

MESURER L'ESPRIT D'ENTREPRENDRE DES ELEVES INGENIEURS

La création d'entreprises innovantes est un enjeu économique vital pour l'Europe. Mais comment la développer chez les jeunes ? Comment favoriser l'éclosion d'un esprit d'entreprendre qui impulserait à la fois une dynamique d'innovation dans les grandes entreprises et la création d'entreprises nouvelles ? Si un consensus existe quant à ces nécessités, les moyens de développement et de stimulation de cet esprit ne sont pas complètement connus. Notamment parce que la notion « d'esprit d'entreprise » ou celle « d'esprit d'entreprendre » restent encore difficile à définir, à quantifier et à relier à la prise effective d'initiatives, ce qui rend délicate la mesure de l'impact des stratégies de sensibilisation ou de formation.Le propos de notre recherche est de définir ce qu'est l'esprit d'entreprendre chez les élèves ingénieur, et la manière avec laquelle il se manifeste. Il s'agit de formuler un cadre d'analyse d'une définition et de mesure du développement de l'esprit d'entreprendre chez les élèves ingénieurs au fil de leur cursus. Nous nous appuyons pour ce faire sur un modèle exploratoire de l'esprit d'entreprendre que nous avons bâti sur la base d'une étude extensive de la littérature en gestion, sociologie, psychologie et sciences de l'éducation appliquées ou non au champ de l'entrepreneuriat (Verzat, Bachelet, Hannachi et Frugier 03). La démarche que nous proposons s'appuie sur une étude quantitative longitudinale auprès de l'ensemble des élèves de l'école pendant trois années.Nous présenterons notre modèle de recherche, puis nous détaillerons la fabrication du questionnaire et son mode d'administration par web. Enfin nous proposerons quelques premiers résultats obtenus lors de notre première campagne d'enquête auprès d'élèves ingénieurs de première année.entrepreneuriat, esprit d'entreprendre, esprit d'entreprise, grande école, université

Rheological Changes After Stenting of a Cerebral Aneurysm: A Finite Element Modeling Approach

Hemodynamic changes in intracranial aneurysms after stent placement include the appearance of areas with stagnant flow and low shear rates. We investigated the influence of stent placement on blood flow velocity and wall shear stress of an intracranial aneurysm using a finite element modeling approach. To assess viscosity changes induced by stent placement, the rheology of blood as non-Newtonian fluid was taken into account in this model. A two-dimensional model with a parent artery, a smaller branching artery, and an aneurysm located at the bifurcation, before and after stent placement, was used for simulation. Flow velocity plots and wall shear stress before and after stent placement was calculated over the entire cardiac circle. Values for dynamic viscosity were calculated with a constitutive equation that was based on experimental studies and yielded a viscosity, which decreases as the shear rate increases. Stent placement lowered peak velocities in the main vortex of the aneurysm by a factor of at least 4 compared to peak velocities in the main artery, and it considerably decreased the wall shear stress of the aneurysm. Dynamic viscosity increases after stent placement persisted over a major part of the cardiac cycle, with a factor of up to 10, most pronounced near the dome of the aneurysm. Finite element modeling can offer insight into rheological changes induced by stent treatment of aneurysms and allows visualizing dynamic viscosity changes induced by stent placemen

Aroeira’s firebrand in an archaeological context: anthracology contribution to understanding the relationship between man and his environment

The anthracology provides different information about use of plant resources by prehistoric Holocene populations either in the diet or in the use of raw material as a fuel for daily activities (lighting, kitchen, heat). A charred firebrand, a rarely found residue vegetal, was discovered in archaeological sediments dated to 2820±30 years BP (2914±40 years cal.BP) associated with the material vestige of the first ceramic people of Mato Grosso region, in the rock shelter Ferraz Egreja (Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso). Anthracological analysis of this firebrand allowed the identification of the Aroeira tree. The ecological and paleobotanical approach of this result allowed discussing on the taxonomic identification of this sample, and the use, selection and place of procurement of this plant resource by human groups.A antracologia fornece diferentes informações sobre a utilização de recursos vegetais pelas populações pré-históricas do Holoceno seja na dieta alimentar ou no uso da matéria prima como combustível, para as atividades cotidianas (luz, cozinha, calor). Um tição carbonizado, resto vegetal raramente encontrado, foi descoberto em sedimentos arqueológicos datados de 2820±30 anos AP (2914±40 anos cal. AP) associado aos vestígios materiais dos primeiros povos ceramistas da região do Mato Grosso, no abrigo rupestre Ferraz Egreja (Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso). A análise antracológica do tição permitiu a identificação da aroeira. A abordagem ecológica e paleobotânica desse resultado permitiu discutir sobre a identificação desta amostra e sobre o uso, a seleção e o lugar de coleta deste recurso vegetal pelos grupos humanos

Vaccine breakthrough hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia in patients with auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs

Life-threatening `breakthrough' cases of critical COVID-19 are attributed to poor or waning antibody response to the SARS- CoV-2 vaccine in individuals already at risk. Pre-existing autoantibodies (auto-Abs) neutralizing type I IFNs underlie at least 15% of critical COVID-19 pneumonia cases in unvaccinated individuals; however, their contribution to hypoxemic breakthrough cases in vaccinated people remains unknown. Here, we studied a cohort of 48 individuals ( age 20-86 years) who received 2 doses of an mRNA vaccine and developed a breakthrough infection with hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia 2 weeks to 4 months later. Antibody levels to the vaccine, neutralization of the virus, and auto- Abs to type I IFNs were measured in the plasma. Forty-two individuals had no known deficiency of B cell immunity and a normal antibody response to the vaccine. Among them, ten (24%) had auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs (aged 43-86 years). Eight of these ten patients had auto-Abs neutralizing both IFN-a2 and IFN-., while two neutralized IFN-omega only. No patient neutralized IFN-ss. Seven neutralized 10 ng/mL of type I IFNs, and three 100 pg/mL only. Seven patients neutralized SARS-CoV-2 D614G and the Delta variant (B.1.617.2) efficiently, while one patient neutralized Delta slightly less efficiently. Two of the three patients neutralizing only 100 pg/mL of type I IFNs neutralized both D61G and Delta less efficiently. Despite two mRNA vaccine inoculations and the presence of circulating antibodies capable of neutralizing SARS-CoV-2, auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs may underlie a significant proportion of hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia cases, highlighting the importance of this particularly vulnerable population

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Prehistory in the Cerrado: Anthracological analysis of Santa Elina and Cidade de Pedra rocks shelters (Mato Grosso)

Study and analysis of carbonized plant remains discovered in archaeological context provide important information on the subsistence behaviors of human groups and the environment in which prehistoric people were living. This paper presents the results of antracological analyzes from fireplaces, charcoal concentrations and embers, from five rock shelters located in the south of the Mato Grosso state, dated from the late Pleistocene to the Holocene. From the taxonomic identification of charcoal, the objectives are to highlight the practices of hunter-gatherers associated with the wood collection (collection practices, collected species, selection criteria, supply areas, etc.) and the paleovegetation near the sites. The results indicate that different groups which have occupied the region were practicing opportunistic collection in vegetation near the shelters, mainly focused on dry wood. Landscape and climate were probably similar to the present, a typical flora of Cerrado Biome and a seasonal tropical climate. Keywords: Antracology; Palaeoetnobotanic; Prehistory; Brazil

Une méthode de détermination indirecte de la rhéologie d'un fluide en écoulement par des mesures de profils de vitesse

PARIS7-Bibliothèque centrale (751132105) / SudocSudocFranceF

L'érosion d'un dispositif d'évaluation des projets: Les controverses sur l'équité des jurys au sein d'une Grande Ecole d'ingénieurs

« Questions de pédagogie dans l'enseignement supérieur » - UCLouvain, janvier 2007Cette communication est fondée sur une prise de recul et une analyse sociologique de l'histoire du système d'évaluation des projets dans une Grande Ecole d'ingénieurs française. Elle est centrée sur l'explication sociologique de l'érosion du système qui aboutit à sa réforme. Elle part du phénomène de la dérive des notes et des controverses sur l'équité. Pourquoi cette dérive se produit-elle ? Comment expliquer l'inertie du système ? Comment le système d'évaluation et le système de valeurs qui le fondent peuvent-ils évoluer ? L'analyse montre tout d'abord les mécanismes de la dérive, puis les causes de l'inertie. Dans un troisième temps, elle montre que le dispositif d'évaluation peut néanmoins évoluer, car c'est un objet intermédiaire de traduction entre les intérêts et positions divergents des acteurs impliqués. La communication débouche sur des perspectives de recherche-action pour étudier la mise en œuvre du nouveau système