KAJIAN EFEKTIVITAS PUPUK DARI BERBAGAI KOTORAN SAPI, KAMBING DAN AYAM

Kotoran ternak dimanfaatkan sebagai pupuk karena terdapat kandungan unsur hara nitrogen (N), fosfor (P), dan kalium (K) yang dibutuhkan untuk tanaman dan kesuburan tanah. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu mengkaji efektivitas pupuk dari kotoran sapi, kambing dan ayam. Parameter yang dikaji yaitu C – Organik, Nitrogen, Fosfor, Kalium, Rasio C/N dan Kadar air. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa proses pengomposan yang sering digunakan adalah pengomposan secara anaerobik dengan waktu pengomposan yaitu 28 sampai 112 hari. Kualias pupuk dari kotoran sapi, kambing dan ayam rata – rata sudah memenuhi persyaratan SNI 19-7030-2004. Kotoran sapi, kambing dan ayam untuk bahan baku pengomposan sudah memenuhi SNI 19-7030-2004

Feeding practices of cat owners in Sweden : a survey on practical feeding regime and bases of food choice

Hur svenska kattägare utfodrar sina katter i praktiken och var de inhämtar information om foder är ett relativt outforskat ämne. Att få bättre förståelse för vad som är viktigt för kattägare i deras val av foder kan öka djurhälsopersonalens förmåga och kompetens att ge råd kring nutrition. I detta arbete genomfördes en internetbaserad enkätundersökning där kattägare fick svara på frågor kring vad som var viktigt för dem vid val av foder, var de hämtade sin information kring foder och huruvida de litade på djurhälsopersonalens kompetens att kunna ge foderråd. Enkäten skickades ut till medlemmar i fem Facebookgrupper inriktade på kattägare i Sverige. Arbetet består även av en sammanställning av tidigare studier och enkätsvar från svenska kattägare. Resultatet baseras på 669 fullständiga enkäter från kattägare. Enkätsvaren visade att konventionella torr- och våtfoder är det främsta alternativet för de flesta kattägare, och en kombination av dessa var det vanligaste utfodringsalternativet. En övervägande del av kattägarna gav sina katter fri tillgång till foder, i stället för att ge det portionerat. Andelen kattägare som utfodrade med färskfoder var relativt liten, men troligen är det en grupp som har växt och som kommer att bli ännu större i framtiden. Huruvida det har blivit vanligare att utfodra svenska katter med färskfoder är inte något som detta arbete kan svara på, då utbudet av tidigare studier inom ämnet är mycket begränsat. Enkätstudien visade också att de flesta kattägare gav sina katter godis utöver den dagliga fodergivan. Att ett foder har bra näringsinnehåll var det som svenska kattägare uppgav vara viktigast för dem vid valet av foder. Det näst viktigaste var smakligheten för katten. Vid utfodring var det vanligast att basera mängden foder på kattens aptit, tätt följt av dess vikt och hull. De flesta svenska kattägare i arbetet vände sig till veterinär eller annan djurhälsopersonal för att få råd om foder. Generellt var också förtroendet för djurhälsopersonalens förmåga att ge råd kring foder högt. En grupp som stack ut var dock de som utfodrade med färskfoder. Dessa litade i mycket mindre utsträckning på djurhälsopersonal i dessa frågor, och valde i stället att vända sig till bland annat sociala medier för att få foderinformation. Resultatet av denna studie visar att svenska katter utfodras på ungefär samma sätt som katter i andra länder. Den visar också att djurhälsopersonal står inför en utmaning gällande kommunikationen kring foder, då förtroendet för dessa yrkesgrupper är så pass lågt bland de som utfodrar med färskfoder. Sammanfattningsvis är det viktigt för djurhälsopersonal att hålla sig uppdaterad om trender inom foder och utfodring för att på så sätt kunna ge adekvata och väl underbyggda råd.Feeding practices of cat owners in Sweden and their primary sources of information on nutrition is a relatively unexplored area. Gaining a better understanding of what is important for cat owners in their choice of food to their cats may increase the ability and competence of animal health professionals for advisory service on nutrition. In this study, an internet-based survey was conducted. Cat owners were asked questions about what is most important to them when choosing food for their cat and where they turn for information on nutrition. They were also asked whether they trust veterinarians and other animal health professionals to give them sound advice on nutrition. The survey was sent out to members of five Facebook groups directed to cat owners in Sweden. The study also consists of a literature-review of previous studies on the subject. The results are based on 669 complete surveys from cat owners in Sweden. The survey showed that conventional dry and wet food is the main option for cat owners. Feeding a combination of both wet and dry food was the most common feeding alternative. A predominant proportion of the cat owners gave their cat food ad libitum instead of feeding in rations. The proportion of cat owners feeding their cat a raw diet was relatively small but has probably increased and will be an even larger group in the future. Whether it has become more popular to feed Swedish cats a raw diet was not answered in this study, as previous studies on the subject are very limited. The survey showed that most cat owners give their cats treats in addition to the daily feed. A good nutritional content was the most important factor to Swedish cat owners when choosing food. The second most important factor was the cat food palatability. When feeding, it was most common to base the amount of food given to the cat on the cat’s appetite, closely followed by basing the amount on the cat’s weight and body condition. The survey showed that it was most common that Swedish cat owners turned to a veterinarian or other animal health professional for advice on what to feed their cat. In general, confidence in the animal health professional's ability to provide advice on nutrition was high. One group that stood out, however, were those who fed a raw diet to their cat. This group of cat owners relied to a much lesser extent on animal health professionals in these matters, and instead chose to turn to, among other things, social media for nutritional information. The results of this study showed that cats in Sweden are fed in much the same way as cats in other countries. It also shows that animal health professionals face a challenge regarding nutritional communication, as confidence is low among those who feed a raw diet to their cats. In summary, it is important for animal health professionals to stay up to date on trends in food and feeding to be able to provide adequate and well-founded advice

Stranded at Sea: Photographic Representations of the Rohingya in the 2015 Bay of Bengal Crisis

Visual representations can contribute to shaping how the general public perceives and engages with issues of forced migration. In 2015, thousands of Rohingya became stranded in the Bay of Bengal when smugglers abandoned them on unseaworthy boats and regional governments refused their disembarkation. Their ordeal made headlines across the globe and photographs documenting the crisis were widely disseminated. This paper applies visual-social semiotics to four of these photographs from an Agence France-Presse public exhibition. Our analysis suggests that the features in the photographs transcend the conventional “threat versus victim” dualism that typically characterizes such representations, to capture both the suffering and agency of the people at the centre of the crisis. This occurs in two ways: first, the Rohingya are depicted as proactive and enacting agency, and not just as powerless people in need of rescue. Second, the juxtaposition of mundane aspects with more dramatic frames offers a tangible pathway for viewers to connect with the circumstances of the people depicted. These visual representations were effective in triggering international concern and policy responses in 2015. However, such photographs’ longer-term potential for shifting public perceptions of displacement and forced migration—and by extension, effective policy measures—remains largely indeterminate

Studi Kapasitas Saluran Drainase Pada Area Pemukiman ( Studi Kasus Jl. Granit Nila, Kota Baru Driyorejo )

Jl. Granit Nila berada pada wilayah Kota Gresik, merupakan kawasan pada setiap musim penghujan selalu terjadi genangan air. Dilakukan analisa perhitungan kapasitas saluran eksisting dan membandingkanya dengan debit yang dihitung menggunakan metode rasional untuk mengetahui debit banjir rencana setiap saluran. Didapatkan hasil perhitungan curah hujan rencana periode ulang 2 tahun sebesar 86,12 mm, periode ulang 5 tahun sebesar 102,57 mm dan periode ulang 10 tahun sebesar 109,9 mm, yang akan digunakan sebagai perhitungan debit air hujan dan debit air hujan Limpasan kemudia dijumlah sebagai debit banjir rencana. Dari perhitungan evaluasi kapasitas saluran eksisting, didapatkan hasil bahwa saluran drainase tidak dapat menampung debit curah hujan serta limpasan yang terjadi, sehingga mengakibatkan genangan pada lokasi studi yang diteliti. Untuk saluran tersier yang mengalami luapan paling besar terjadi pada saluran GN’T 5 sebesar 1,234 m3/dt sedangkan saluran hanya dapat menampung debit sebesar 0,198 m3/dt, sedangkan saluran sekunder GN’S 9 hanya bisa menampung debit sebesar 0,543 m3/dt sedangkan luapan yang terjadi sebesar 3,697 m3/dt. Didapatkan hasil perhitungan debit banjir rencana pada saluran GN’T 1 = 0,616, GN’T 2 = 0,686 m3/dt, GN’T 3 = 0,579 m3/dt, GN’T 4 = 0,543 m3/dt, GN’T 5 = 1,234 m3/dt, GN’T 6 = 1,177 m3/dt, GN’T 7 = 0,295 m3/dt, GN’T 8 = 0,961 m3/dt dan GN’S 9 = 3,697 m3/dt sehingga saluran dapat menampung debit banjir yang terjadi. Kata kunci: Genangan, Banjir, Drainase, Saluran, Limpasan

Studi Pengaruh Intensitas Hujan Terhadap Kapasitas Saluran Drainase Pada Area Pemukiman ( Studi Kasus Jl. Granit Nila, Kota Baru Driyorejo – Gresik )

Jl. Granit Nila berada pada wilayah Kota Gresik, merupakan kawasan pada setiap musim penghujan selalu terjadi genangan air. Dilakukan analisa perhitungan kapasitas saluran eksisting dan membandingkanya dengan debit yang dihitung menggunakan metode rasional untuk mengetahui debit banjir rencana setiap saluran. Didapatkan hasil perhitungan curah hujan rencana periode ulang 2 tahun sebesar 86,09 mm, periode ulang 5 tahun sebesar 102,57 mm dan periode ulang 10 tahun sebesar 109,9 mm, yang akan digunakan sebagai perhitungan debit air hujan dan debit air hujan Limpasan kemudia dijumlah sebagai debit banjir rencana. Dari perhitungan evaluasi kapasitas saluran eksisting, didapatkan hasil bahwa saluran drainase tidak dapat menampung debit curah hujan serta limpasan yang terjadi, sehingga mengakibatkan genangan pada lokasi studi yang diteliti. Untuk saluran tersier yang mengalami luapan paling besar terjadi pada saluran GN’T 4 sebesar 2,708 m3/dt sedangkan saluran hanya dapat menampung debit sebesar 0,198 m3/dt, sedangkan saluran sekunder GN’S 6 hanya bisa menampung debit sebesar 0,543 m3/dt sedangkan luapan yang terjadi sebesar 3,967 m3/dt. Hasil perhitungan redesign kapasitas saluran eksisting pada saluran GNT’1, GNT’2, GNT’5 dapat menampung debit sebesar 0,848 m3/dt, GNT’ 3 sebesar 0,467 m3/dt, GNT’ 4 sebesar 3,046 m3/dt dan GNS’6 sebesar 4,7 m3/dt sehingga saluran dapat menampung debit banjir yang terjadi

Stranded at Sea: Photographic Representations of the Rohingya in the 2015 Bay of Bengal Crisis

Visual representations can contribute to shaping how the general public perceives and engages with issues of forced migration. In 2015, thousands of Rohingya became stranded in the Bay of Bengal when smugglers abandoned them on unseaworthy boats and regional governments refused their disembarkation. Their ordeal made headlines across the globe and photographs documenting the crisis were widely disseminated. This paper applies visual-social semiotics to four of these photographs from an Agence France-Presse public exhibition. Our analysis suggests that the features in the photographs transcend the conventional “threat versus victim” dualism that typically characterizes such representations, to capture both the suffering and agency of the people at the centre of the crisis. This occurs in two ways: first, the Rohingya are depicted as proactive and enacting agency, and not just as powerless people in need of rescue. Second, the juxtaposition of mundane aspects with more dramatic frames offers a tangible pathway for viewers to connect with the circumstances of the people depicted. These visual representations were effective in triggering international concern and policy responses in 2015. However, such photographs’ longer-term potential for shifting public perceptions of displacement and forced migration—and by extension, effective policy measures—remains largely indeterminate

Creating partnership by aligning the support needs of the neophyte registered nurse and the healthcare organisation: An appreciative inquiry

The transition from neophyte registered nurse to staff nurse can be a challenging stage in an individual’s career. There has been much discussion on the process and the effect that it can have on the individual’s performance, however less consideration has been given to understanding the nature of required support and how this can be realised in the practice arena. This study focuses on the nature and concept of that support and investigates how six neophyte registered nurses and nine senior nurse managers from one healthcare organisation experience the transition. It examines what they perceive as desirable support and identifies what organisational features contribute to effective support when achieving a successful transition. The study adopts the affirmative action-orientated approach of Appreciative Inquiry, a methodology which is new to the research area but one which seeks to discover and build on what works well in existing systems. In particular, appreciative inquiry methodology engages with participants as co-collaborators to envision a future reality. The research employed a single mini-summit event structured by the 4D framework which engaged the participants in storytelling, drawing and generative thinking. Thematic analysis of data revealed four main themes which encapsulated the notion of support from participant perspectives: safe environment, strategic environment, learning environment and emotional environment. The concept of support is complex, however, the findings suggest that a high quality of contributing factors such as professional learning, social competency, guidance and a favourable workplace environment are essential to the process. This thesis further suggests that the transition from student to neophyte registered nurse requires good quality leadership from the organisation and senior nurse manager. A person-centred transition plan assists in aligning the individual needs with those of the healthcare organisation and creates the potential to enhance the individual’s experience, practice performance and organisational efficiency. Findings from this study have enabled the development of a conceptual model. This illustrates that the transition is a shared experience which needs to be shaped and informed through education, with the provision of organisational containment, to enhance good practice in order to facilitate professional growth

An acute bout of cycling does not induce compensatory responses in pre-menopausal women not using hormonal contraceptives

There is a clear need to improve understanding of the effects of physical activity and exercise on appetite control. Therefore, the acute and short-term effects (three days) of a single bout of cycling on energy intake and energy expenditure were examined in women not using hormonal contraceptives. Sixteen active (n = 8) and inactive (n = 8) healthy pre-menopausal women completed a randomised crossover design study with two conditions (exercise and control). The exercise day involved cycling for 1 h (50% of maximum oxygen uptake) and resting for 2 h, whilst the control day comprised 3 h of rest. On each experimental day participants arrived at the laboratory fasted, consumed a standardised breakfast and an ad libitum pasta lunch. Food diaries and combined heart rate-accelerometer monitors were used to assess free-living food intake and energy expenditure, respectively, over the subsequent three days. There were no main effects or condition (exercise vs control) by group (active vs inactive) interaction for absolute energy intake (P > 0.05) at the ad libitum laboratory lunch meal, but there was a condition effect for relative energy intake (P = 0.004, ηp2 = 0.46) that was lower in the exercise condition (1417 ± 926 kJ vs. 2120 ± 923 kJ). Furthermore, post-breakfast satiety was higher in the active than in the inactive group (P = 0.005, ηp2 = 0.44). There were no main effects or interactions (P > 0.05) for mean daily energy intake, but both active and inactive groups consumed less energy from protein (14 ± 3% vs. 16 ± 4%, P = 0.016, ηp2 = 0.37) and more from carbohydrate (53 ± 5% vs. 49 ± 7%, P = 0.031, ηp2 = 0.31) following the exercise condition. This study suggests that an acute bout of cycling does not induce compensatory responses in active and inactive women not using hormonal contraceptives, while the stronger satiety response to the standardised breakfast meal in active individuals adds to the growing literature that physical activity helps improve the sensitivity of short-term appetite control