Five‐year effectiveness of bariatric surgery on disease remission, weight loss, and changes of metabolic parameters in obese patients with type 2 diabetes: A population‐based propensity score‐matched cohort study

Aims: To compare disease remission rates, weight loss, and changes of metabolic parameters of patients after bariatric surgery with nonsurgical patients. Methods: Based on the 2006‐2017 Hospital Authority database, a population‐based retrospective cohort of obese type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with and without bariatric surgery were identified. Surgical patients were matched with nonsurgical patients on 1‐to‐5 propensity score. Remission rates of diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia were reported annually up to 60 months. Changes in weight loss measurements (Body Mass Index [BMI], percentage of total weight loss [%TWL], percentage of excess weight loss [%EWL], and percentage of rebound in excess weight loss [%REWL]) and metabolic parameters (haemoglobin A1c [HbA1c], systolic blood pressure [SBP], diastolic blood pressure [DBP], and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL‐C]) were measured for both groups. Results: Four hundred one surgical patients (310 restrictive surgeries; 91 bypass surgeries) and 1894 nonsurgical patients were included. Surgical patients had higher remission rates in diabetes and dyslipidaemia and better glycaemic control at 12 to 60 months (all Ps < .01). SBP and DBP were significantly lower for surgical group up to 12 months and similar between two groups after 12 months. Surgical patients had significantly lower BMI during follow‐up period. %TWL and %EWL were higher in the surgery group (15.7% vs 3.7%; 48.8% vs 12.0%) at 60 months (P < .001); differences in %REWL between two groups were insignificant. The effectiveness of restrictive and bypass surgeries was similar at 60 months, although restrictive surgeries were slightly more effective in T2DM remission. Conclusions: Bariatric surgery was effective in weight loss, remission of diabetes, and dyslipidaemia in 5‐year post‐surgery

Deterministic evolution and stringent selection during preneoplasia

The earliest events during human tumour initiation, although poorly characterized, may hold clues to malignancy detection and prevention1. Here we model occult preneoplasia by biallelic inactivation of TP53, a common early event in gastric cancer, in human gastric organoids. Causal relationships between this initiating genetic lesion and resulting phenotypes were established using experimental evolution in multiple clonally derived cultures over 2 years. TP53 loss elicited progressive aneuploidy, including copy number alterations and structural variants prevalent in gastric cancers, with evident preferred orders. Longitudinal single-cell sequencing of TP53-deficient gastric organoids similarly indicates progression towards malignant transcriptional programmes. Moreover, high-throughput lineage tracing with expressed cellular barcodes demonstrates reproducible dynamics whereby initially rare subclones with shared transcriptional programmes repeatedly attain clonal dominance. This powerful platform for experimental evolution exposes stringent selection, clonal interference and a marked degree of phenotypic convergence in premalignant epithelial organoids. These data imply predictability in the earliest stages of tumorigenesis and show evolutionary constraints and barriers to malignant transformation, with implications for earlier detection and interception of aggressive, genome-instable tumours

Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density

Optical density (OD) is widely used to estimate the density of cells in liquid culture, but cannot be compared between instruments without a standardized calibration protocol and is challenging to relate to actual cell count. We address this with an interlaboratory study comparing three simple, low-cost, and highly accessible OD calibration protocols across 244 laboratories, applied to eight strains of constitutive GFP-expressing E. coli. Based on our results, we recommend calibrating OD to estimated cell count using serial dilution of silica microspheres, which produces highly precise calibration (95.5% of residuals <1.2-fold), is easily assessed for quality control, also assesses instrument effective linear range, and can be combined with fluorescence calibration to obtain units of Molecules of Equivalent Fluorescein (MEFL) per cell, allowing direct comparison and data fusion with flow cytometry measurements: in our study, fluorescence per cell measurements showed only a 1.07-fold mean difference between plate reader and flow cytometry data

Measurement of the top quark forward-backward production asymmetry and the anomalous chromoelectric and chromomagnetic moments in pp collisions at √s = 13 TeV

Abstract The parton-level top quark (t) forward-backward asymmetry and the anomalous chromoelectric (d̂ t) and chromomagnetic (μ̂ t) moments have been measured using LHC pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, collected in the CMS detector in a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb−1. The linearized variable AFB(1) is used to approximate the asymmetry. Candidate t t ¯ events decaying to a muon or electron and jets in final states with low and high Lorentz boosts are selected and reconstructed using a fit of the kinematic distributions of the decay products to those expected for t t ¯ final states. The values found for the parameters are AFB(1)=0.048−0.087+0.095(stat)−0.029+0.020(syst),μ̂t=−0.024−0.009+0.013(stat)−0.011+0.016(syst), and a limit is placed on the magnitude of | d̂ t| < 0.03 at 95% confidence level. [Figure not available: see fulltext.

Measurement of b jet shapes in proton-proton collisions at root s=5.02 TeV

We present the first study of charged-hadron production associated with jets originating from b quarks in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV. The data sample used in this study was collected with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 27.4 pb(-1). To characterize the jet substructure, the differential jet shapes, defined as the normalized transverse momentum distribution of charged hadrons as a function of angular distance from the jet axis, are measured for b jets. In addition to the jet shapes, the per-jet yields of charged particles associated with b jets are also quantified, again as a function of the angular distance with respect to the jet axis. Extracted jet shape and particle yield distributions for b jets are compared with results for inclusive jets, as well as with the predictions from the pythia and herwig++ event generators.Peer reviewe

Measurement of the azimuthal anisotropy of Y(1S) and Y(2S) mesons in PbPb collisions at root s(NN)=5.02 TeV

The second-order Fourier coefficients (v(2)) characterizing the azimuthal distributions of Y(1S) and Y(2S) mesons produced in PbPb collisions at root s(NN) = 5.02 TeV are studied. The Y mesons are reconstructed in their dimuon decay channel, as measured by the CMS detector. The collected data set corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 1.7 nb(-1). The scalar product method is used to extract the v2 coefficients of the azimuthal distributions. Results are reported for the rapidity range vertical bar y vertical bar < 2.4, in the transverse momentum interval 0 < pT < 50 GeV/c, and in three centrality ranges of 10-30%, 30-50% and 50-90%. In contrast to the J/psi mesons, the measured v(2) values for the Y mesons are found to be consistent with zero. (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.Peer reviewe

China's legal awakening : legal theory and criminal justice in Deng's era

Includes bibliographical references (p. [349]-364) and indexThis book illustrates - through the analysis of more than two hundred criminal cases selected from Minzhu yu fazhi (Democracy and the Legal System) in the period 1979-89 - that the establishment of a formal criminal justice system and the development of an embryonic socialist theory of law in China reflect a genuine and widespread legal awakening. A rudimentary legal culture has taken hold among Party leaders, cadres, judicial personnel, intellectuals and the general public. Nevertheless, the contradiction between legal order and Party supremacy remains, as demonstrated by the June Fourth incident in Beijing and the ensuing trials of the 1989 dissidentspublished_or_final_versionCh. 6 On the Threshold of Legality: 1983-85 p133ForewordPrefaceIntroduction p1Conclusion p323Glossary p339Bibliography p349Index to Case Studies p365Index p369Pt. 1 Marxism in Deng's China p15Pt. 2 Legal Reform and the Practice of Law: Case Studies in the Administration of Criminal Justice, 1979- 1989 p69Pt. 3 Towards a Chinese Socialist System and a Chinese Theory of Law p245Appendix 1: Structure of the Criminal Justice System of the People's Republic of China p329Appendix 1: Law and Regulations of the People's Republic of China for Criminal Justice, 1949-1993 p331Ch. 1 The Impact of Ideological Upheaval on the Legal System in China p17Ch. 2 Deng Xiaoping's Ideas on Law p33Ch. 3 Chinese Jurists' Perspectives on Law p43Ch. 4 In the Wake of the Third Plenum: The Inception of Legal Reform p73Ch. 5 The Prelude to Legal Order: The Inauguration of Criminal Justice, 1980-82 p87Ch. 7 Legal Reform in Progress: The Emergence of a Legal Society, 1986-89 p191Ch. 8 Principles, Theory and Practice of Socialist Law in the First Decade of Legal Reform p247Ch. 9 The 1989 Student Democratic Movement: A Legal Perspective p271Ch. 10 Trials of Dissidents of the 1989 Democratic Movement: The Limits of Socialist Justice p29