Los sujetos de la transición : notas sobre la dinámica de los actores y la transición democrática en Centroamérical

El objetivo del articulo es discutir algunos de los trabajos del grupo de investigación de la UAB, en el contexto de las transiciones democráticas en América Central. En primer lugar, se rechazan dos interpretaciones corrientes: "nada ha cambiado" y "el área está formada por democracias ya completas", y subraya algunas de las características básicas de aquellos procesos de cambio política. En segundo lugar, el autor discute algunos problemas metodológicos en la investigación sobre los actores políticos centroamericanos. Finalmente, se analizan las consecuencias de politicas socioeconómicas y de cambios en las relaciones civil-militar.The main goal of the article is to discuss some of the Papers produced by the UAB research group in the broader context of Central American democratic transitions. First, the article refuses two basic descriptions of Central American politics: "nothing has changed" or "there are full democracies in all the areas" and highlights some of the basic characteristics of these processes of political change. Second, the article discusses some methodological problems in doing research about Central American political actors. Findy, the implications of socioeconomic policies and the changes in civic-military relations are analyzed

Cohesión social y exclusión. Una mirada desde Centroamérica

El concepto de cohesión social, emparentado con la definición sociológica\ud de integración social, señala problemas de relación entre\ud Estado y Sociedad cuya síntesis conduce a la respuesta de una sola\ud interrogante: ¿Son viables nuestras sociedades? Examinando la situación\ud de Centroamérica, la combinación compleja de modernización\ud política con estancamiento social, lo que puede advertirse es una\ud problemática teórica y a la vez política: determinada interacción de\ud capacidades produce integración social, pero ésta no deja de ser excluyente.\ud Dado que hay avances políticos, normativos, institucionales\ud y de cultura democrática, respecto de los oscuros momentos de\ud la lucha armada y el autoritarismo político, no se puede desconocer\ud la existencia de niveles de integración o cohesión social que en\ud ese sentido son precarios en sus efectos. Por esa razón, la situación\ud de Centroamérica puede bien calificarse paradójicamente como\ud nuestra excluyeme cohesión social.The concept of social cohesion, related to the sociological definition\ud of social integration, indicates problems of relation between State and\ud Society whose synthesis drives to the response of only one question:\ud are our societies viable? Examining the situation of Central America,\ud the complex combination of political modernization with social stagnation,\ud is both a theoretical and political dilemma: certain interaction\ud of capacities produces social integration, but this one does not stop\ud being exclusionary. Since there are political, normative and institutional\ud advances in the democratic culture, with regard to the dark moments\ud of the armed struggle and the political authoritarianism, is more than evident the existence of integration or social cohesion that are precarious\ud in his objective effects on the peoples quality of life. For this\ud reason, the situation of Central America can be paradoxically defined\ud as the social cohesion of the excluded

Cohesión social y exclusión. Una mirada desde Centroamérica

El concepto de cohesión social, emparentado con la definición sociológica de integración social, señala problemas de relación entre Estado y Sociedad cuya síntesis conduce a la respuesta de una sola interrogante: ¿Son viables nuestras sociedades? Examinando la situación de Centroamérica, la combinación compleja de modernización política con estancamiento social, lo que puede advertirse es una problemática teórica y a la vez política: determinada interacción de capacidades produce integración social, pero ésta no deja de ser excluyente. Dado que hay avances políticos, normativos, institucionales y de cultura democrática, respecto de los oscuros momentos de la lucha armada y el autoritarismo político, no se puede desconocer la existencia de niveles de integración o cohesión social que en ese sentido son precarios en sus efectos. Por esa razón, la situación de Centroamérica puede bien calificarse paradójicamente como nuestra excluyeme cohesión social.The concept of social cohesion, related to the sociological definition of social integration, indicates problems of relation between State and Society whose synthesis drives to the response of only one question: are our societies viable? Examining the situation of Central America, the complex combination of political modernization with social stagnation, is both a theoretical and political dilemma: certain interaction of capacities produces social integration, but this one does not stop being exclusionary. Since there are political, normative and institutional advances in the democratic culture, with regard to the dark moments of the armed struggle and the political authoritarianism, is more than evident the existence of integration or social cohesion that are precarious in his objective effects on the peoples quality of life. For this reason, the situation of Central America can be paradoxically defined as the social cohesion of the excluded

Uso de la imagen. Filosofía y religión en la publicidad

 In the analysis of the use of Catholic religion images in advertising, have emerged new perspectives that place this type of creative resource in the concept of endorsement. This new perspective warns the presence of a construction of religiosity, rituals, mysticism and devotion to the point that the intangible qualities of products and services begin to build bonds with consumers and religion is embedded within their space of consumption. In this way, we understood that advertising plays a crucial role in the development and reproduction of culture, it must be recognized. Therefore, its persuasive strategies for the dissemination and promotion of brands where religious images are used should be recognized. They can have a different scope in the collective understanding when using religiosity in traditional models of advertising communication. En el análisis del uso de imágenes de la religión católica en la publicidad, han emergido nuevas perspectivas que sitúan este tipo de recurso creativo en el concepto del endorsement. Esa nueva perspectiva advierte la presencia de una construcción de religiosidad, rituales, misticismo y devoción al punto de que las propias cualidades intangibles de los productos y servicios empiezan a construir lazos con los consumidores y la religión se incrusta dentro de su espacio de consumo. De esa forma se entendió que la publicidad ejerce un papel crucial en la elaboración y reproducción de la cultura. Deben reconocerse, por ello, sus estrategias persuasivas para la divulgación y promoción de marcas donde usa imágenes religiosas, ya que debe tener un alcance diferente en el entendimiento colectivo al usar la religiosidad en modelos tradicionales de comunicación publicitaria.Na análise do uso de imagens da religião católica na publicidade, surgiram novas perspectivas que colocam esse tipo de recurso criativo no conceito de endosso. Essa nova perspectiva alerta para a presença de uma construção da religiosidade, dos rituais, do misticismo e da devoção a tal ponto que as qualidades intangíveis dos produtos e serviços passam a se vincular aos consumidores e a religião se insere em seu espaço de consumo. Desta forma, entendeu-se que a publicidade desempenha um papel crucial na elaboração e reprodução da cultura. Portanto, suas estratégias persuasivas de divulgação e promoção de marcas onde se utiliza imagens religiosas devem ser reconhecidas, uma vez que deve ter um alcance diferente no entendimento coletivo ao utilizar a religiosidade nos modelos tradicionais de comunicação publicitária

Utilizacion of coconut husk (Cocos nucifera l.) for cellulose pulp production

A casca do coco-verde é um resíduo do consumo da água de coco. Em cidades litorâneas este resíduo já tem se tornado um grande problema, pois é de difícil decomposição. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a casca do coco-verde (Cocos nucifera L.) para a produção de celulose kraft. A matéria-prima foi caracterizada com relação à densidade básica, composição química, dimensão das fibras e proporção de elementos anatômicos. Foram realizados três cozimentos-teste sendo que um deles foi escolhido para repetição. Em cada um deles variou-se a carga alcalina visando à elaboração de curvas de cozimento. Nos resultados do processo de polpação foram encontrados valores altos de número kappa, baixos rendimentos e baixos teores de rejeito. As seguintes características do material, baixa densidade básica (0,128 g/cm³), alta quantidade de extrativos (33,68%) e baixa proporção de fibras (22,11%), corroboraram para estes resultados. Assim, a produção de polpa celulósica a partir da casca do coco-verde pelo processo kraft, não se mostrou como uma alternativa viável tecnicamente.The coconut husk is a residue from consumption of coconut water. In coastal cities this residue has already become a big problem, because it is difficult to decompose. The present study aimed to evaluate the husk of the coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) for production of kraft pulp. The raw material was characterized and had its basic density, chemical composition, fiber size and proportion of anatomical elements analyzed. Pulping tests were conducted and one of them was chosen for repetition. In each pulping the alkali charge was variable in order to prepare an alkaline curve. The results from the pulping process show high levels of kappa number, low yields and low rejects content. The following characteristics of the material, low basic density (0.128 g/cm ³), high amount of extractives (33.68%) and low proportion of fibers (22.11%), corroborate to these results. Thus, the production of pulp from the coconut husk by the kraft process, it is not an alternative technically feasible

Evaluación medio término Proyecto Educación para la Ciudadanía y la Convivencia, PECC

La evaluación de medio término del Proyecto Educación para la Ciudadanía y la Convivencia de la Secretaría de Educación del Distrito de la Alcaldía Mayor de Bogotá, en adelante el PECC, se realiza con base en la integración de análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo. El objetivo principal de la evaluación es proporcionar a las autoridades del PECC una visión externa de los alcances de las actividades realizadas a la fecha y formular recomendaciones que redunden en el mejor cumplimiento de los objetivos trazados por el Proyecto, orientados a promover la convivencia y potenciar la formación para la ciudadanía en Bogot

Instruments for assessing the risk of falls in acute hospitalized patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Falls are a serious problem for hospitalized patients, reducing the duration and quality of life. It is estimated that over 84% of all adverse events in hospitalized patients are related to falls. Some fall risk assessment tools have been developed and tested in environments other than those for which they were developed with serious validity discrepancies. The aim of this review is to determine the accuracy of instruments for detecting fall risk and predicting falls in acute hospitalized patients. Methods Systematic review and meta-analysis. Main databases, related websites and grey literature were searched. Two blinded reviewers evaluated title and abstracts of the selected articles and, if they met inclusion criteria, methodological quality was assessed in a new blinded process. Meta-analyses of diagnostic ORs (DOR) and likelihood (LH) coefficients were performed with the random effects method. Forest plots were calculated for sensitivity and specificity, DOR and LH. Additionally, summary ROC (SROC) curves were calculated for every analysis. Results Fourteen studies were selected for the review. The meta-analysis was performed with the Morse (MFS), STRATIFY and Hendrich II Fall Risk Model scales. The STRATIFY tool provided greater diagnostic validity, with a DOR value of 7.64 (4.86 - 12.00). A meta-regression was performed to assess the effect of average patient age over 65 years and the performance or otherwise of risk reassessments during the patient’s stay. The reassessment showed a significant reduction in the DOR on the MFS (rDOR 0.75, 95% CI: 0.64 - 0.89, p = 0.017). Conclusions The STRATIFY scale was found to be the best tool for assessing the risk of falls by hospitalized acutely-ill adults. However, the behaviour of these instruments varies considerably depending on the population and the environment, and so their operation should be tested prior to implementation. Further studies are needed to investigate the effect of the reassessment of these instruments with respect to hospitalized adult patients, and to consider the real compliance by healthcare personnel with procedures related to patient safety, and in particular concerning the prevention of falls

Estudio preliminar del tratamiento de úlceras crónicas con equivalentes cutáneos obtenidos por ingeniería de tejidos

Las úlceras de las extremidades inferiores son afecciones de incidencia y prevalencia elevada, cuya cronicidad y persistencia en hacer recidivas son dos de las características evolutivas más relevantes. A pesar de un tratamiento etiológico correcto, a lo cual se suma una gran variedad de apósitos disponibles, el porcentaje de curación y la velocidad de cicatrización siguen siendo bajos. Por tanto se realizó un estudio con el objetivo de obtener un sustituto de piel para su aplicación en la clínica. Se aislaron y cultivaron queratinocitos, que fueron sembrados a una alta densidad, en un sustrato optimizado de fibrina con fibroblastos. De esta forma se desarrolló un nuevo equivalente cutáneo más práctico y de bajo costo, cuyo transplante es directo y de fácil aplicación. Antes de comenzar los estudios clínicos para evaluar sus ventajas y su alcance, se hizo una prueba preliminar con el fin de ver si los cambios efectuados en la técnica estándar no impedían su viabilidad y su acción. A tal fin fueron seleccionaron seis pacientes con ulceras crónicas, sin curación mediante todo tratamiento, a quienes se les aplicaron los nuevos equivalentes. Los pacientes tratados mostraron que los equivalentes eran viables, efectivos, de fácil manipulación y de rápida acción sobre los tejidos afectados. Todos los pacientes que completaron el procedimiento se recuperaron, fue excelente ejemplo un paciente con una lesión crónica de seis meses de evolución que había sido refractaria a los múltiples tratamientos convencionales empleados

Autologous versus allogeneic versus umbilical cord sera for the treatment of severe dry eye disease : a double-blind randomized clinical trial

Funding Information: The research work presented here has been funded through a grant awarded by the Ministry of Health within the framework of the Aid for Independent Clinical Research of 2011 (EC11‐506), whose promoter is the Andalusian Public Foundation for Research on Malaga in Biomedicine and Health (FIMABIS). Publisher Copyright: © 2021 Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica Foundation. Published by John Wiley & Sons LtdPurpose: To measure the effects of Autologous serum (AS), Allogeneic Serum (HS) and Umbilical Cord serum (CS) eye drops in severe dry eye disease (DES), as well as to characterize and quantify several molecules in the three sera (albumin, fibronectin; Vitamin A and E; IgG, IgA and IgM; Transforming growth factor β; Epithelial growth factor). Methods: Randomized, double-blind, single-centre, three-arm (AS, HS and CS) clinical trial. Sixty-three subjects were included with severe DES, 21 in each arm of the study. Visual acuity, Schirmer test, Breakup time (BUT), lissamine green, fluorescein staining measurements and a questionnaire were performed prior to treatment, and after one-month and three-month follow-up. Results: There was a significant main effect of time on visual acuities, Schirmer and BUT tests and fluorescein and lissamine green staining measurements and questionnaire scores (p = 0.015, p = 0.002, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.031 and p < 0.001, respectively), although there was no significant interaction between time and serum type, nor between serum type and the test performed. Regarding the concentration of molecules, in our study AS contained significantly higher concentrations of IgA, IgG and fibronectin whereas HS contained significantly higher concentration of IgM, vitamins A and E, TGF and albumin. Contrary to previous reports, CS did not show higher concentration of any of the molecules analysed. Conclusions and relevance: The three sera were effective in the treatment of severe DES. CS did not contain a higher proportion of molecules compared to AS/HS. More research is needed to assess the effect of AS in patients with DES and autoimmune diseases.Peer reviewe